Volume 14 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

International labor migration has become a defining feature of Nepal's development trajectory, generating substantial remittance inflows that contribute significantly to household livelihoods and the national economy. However, the extent to which remittance-led development translates into sustainable improvements in household well-being remains contested. This study examines the socioeconomic impacts of labor migration on migrant families left behind in Nepal, with particular attention to household vulnerability and institutional responses. Using a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, the research combines quantitative survey data from 400 migrant households with qualitative evidence from six Focus Group Discussions and 18 Key Informant Interviews conducted across Rupandehi, Palpa, and Myagdi districts. The findings demonstrate that while remittances enhance household income, improve access to education and healthcare, and support daily consumption, their developmental potential is constrained by persistent debt burdens, limited productive investment, and continued dependence on overseas employment. The study further reveals that left-behind women experience increased responsibilities in household management, agriculture, and caregiving, often without corresponding gains in decision-making authority. Children and elderly family members face varying degrees of emotional, educational, and care-related challenges associated with prolonged family separation. At the institutional level, local governments possess important mandates to support migrant households, yet their responses remain limited due to resource constraints, competing development priorities, and weak integration of migration concerns into local planning processes. The study argues that remittance-led development alone cannot address the multidimensional vulnerabilities experienced by migrant families. Strengthening institutional capacity, expanding local social protection mechanisms, and promoting productive use of remittances are essential for transforming migration into a more inclusive and sustainable development pathway in Nepal.

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 Keywords

Labor migration; Remittances; Household vulnerability; Institutional capacity; Migration governance; Social reproduction; Gender inequality; Left-behind families; Nepal; Transnational migration; Reintegration; Debt-induced migration

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The interactive linguistic approach is an educational methodology that emphasizes learner-centered, communicative, and interactive language learning. It focuses on authentic communication, collaboration, and learner engagement to develop linguistic skills. Major objective of the study is to find out the effectiveness Interactive Linguistic Approach based instructional package in English on reading comprehension of upper primary school students. Experimental method was adopted for the study. Two group pretest post-test nonequivalent experimental design is used. This study was executed on a sample of 80 upper primary school students. Simple random sampling technique is used for the study. 40 students were selected as experimental group and 40 students were selected as control group. The experimental group was exposed to Interactive Linguistic Approach based instruction while the control group was exposed to activity-oriented instruction. This study concluded that the interactive linguistic approach based instruction is better than activity-oriented instruction for enhancing reading comprehension of students at upper primary level.

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Interactive Linguistic Approach, Reading Comprehension

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Human activity understanding has become a critical area of research due to its wide-ranging applications in healthcare, human-computer interaction, surveillance, and affective computing. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advancements in human movement analysis, gesture recognition, and emotion detection, focusing on both vision-based and sensor-based methodologies. Various data acquisition techniques--such as RGB-D cameras, inertial sensors, electromyography (EMG), and electroencephalography (EEG)--are examined in relation to their role in capturing motion and emotional states. Additionally, we explore classical machine learning and deep learning frameworks employed for feature extraction and classification in each domain. The paper provides a comparative analysis of current approaches, identifies key challenges such as inter-subject variability, real-time processing, and multi-modal data fusion, and outlines future research directions aimed at developing robust and adaptive systems.

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 Keywords

Gesture Recognition, Emotion Detection, Machine Learning, Deep Learning

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Farmers often rely on intermediaries to sell their produce, which reduces their profits and limits their access to larger markets. A web-based digital marketplace enables direct interaction between farmers and buyers, ensuring fair pricing, greater market reach, and transparent transactions. The platform streamlines agricultural trade, reduces supply chain inefficiencies, and helps farmers increase their income while providing buyers with fresh produce at competitive prices. The Farm Management System is a web-based platform designed to digitize and streamline the process of managing farmer information and agricultural products. The system allows users to register, log in securely, and perform key operations such as adding, viewing, editing, and deleting farmer records. Additionally, users can manage agro products by uploading details such as product name, description, and price. The application ensures secure access through an authentication module and maintains transparency with a trigger logging system that records significant actions within the platform. The backend is powered by a MySQL database, integrated through SQLAlchemy ORM in Flask, which handles data storage for users, farmers, farming types, products, and system logs. The use of Flask as the web framework ensures a lightweight, modular, and scalable architecture. The system provides a responsive web interface for ease of use and supports administrative tasks with functionality to manage different farming types and monitor user activity. This system is particularly beneficial in agricultural sectors for maintaining organized and accessible digital records, promoting efficiency, and reducing manual workload. It serves as a foundational tool for smart farming practices and can be expanded in the future with analytics, mobile access, and AI-based crop recommendations.

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MySQL, SQLAlchemy ORM, Farm Management System, AI-based crop recommendations

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 Abstract

Sanskritik Paryatan k Madhyam Se Vaishvik Shanti Aur Antar - Sanskritik Samvad : Ek Vishleshanatmak Adhyayan.

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Sanskritik Paryatan k Madhyam Se Vaishvik Shanti Aur Antar - Sanskritik Samvad : Ek Vishleshanatmak Adhyayan.

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This article sees the issue of MHM from a humane angle. It opens up with the judgment of the Supreme Court (SC) on MHM as Right to Life under the article 21. It touches upon the key issues related to MHM from the SC point of view.

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SC, MHM, ARSH, WASH, RHRL, RAE, RTE

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Conventional bituminous surface courses in pavements are getting damaged easily. They suffer from deformation, fatigue cracking and thermal distress. This happens because of increasing traffic loads and extreme weather conditions in places like Maharashtra, India. At the time disposing of old tyres is a big environmental problem. This study checks if waste tyre crumb rubber (CRM) can be used to improve concrete surface course mixes. CRM is used to replace VG-30 bitumen in the mixes. The mixes are prepared using the process of modification. The base VG-30 bitumen was first tested as per IS 73:2013. It was found to be within all limits. The Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC) was found to be 5.4% by weight of mix. This was done using Marshall mix design. CRM-modified specimens were then made at four levels: 10% , 12.5% , 15% , 17.5% These levels are based on the weight of bitumen. The specimens were tested for Marshall Stability, Flow Value and Bulk Density as per IS 17127:2019. The results show that as CRM content increases: Penetration reduces , Softening point and flash point increase This means that the binder becomes stiffer. It also becomes more thermally stable and safer to handle. Among all tested levels 17.5% CRM content gave the performance. It achieved a Marshall Stability of 15.45 kN. This is a 32% improvement over the mix at 11.7 kN. The average Flow Value was 3.58 mm. Both results meet IS 17127:2019 requirements. The 12.5% and 15% CRM mixes had flow values, above the permissible limit of 4.0 mm. The study confirms that waste tyre crumb rubber can be used to improve bitumen. It can be used for surface course applications. This can lead to pavement performance and sustainable waste tyre management.

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 Keywords

Crumb Rubber Modifier (CRM); VG-30 Bitumen; Marshall Stability; Flexible Pavement; Sustainable Pavement; Waste Tyre Recycling; IS 17127:2019; Bituminous Concrete Surface Course

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Broad-spectrum sunscreen, Zinc oxide, Titanium dioxide, Sun Protection Factor, Photoprotection, UVA, UVB, Stability study.

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 Abstract

ಭಾರತ ದೇಶವು ವಿವಿಧ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಯ ನೆಲಬೀಡಾಗಿದೆ ಹಲವಾರು ಭಾಷೆಗಳಿಂದ ಕೂಡಿದ ಹಾಗೂ ಅನೇಕ ವೈವಿದ್ಯತೆಯಿಂದ ಏಕತೆಯ ನಾಡಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಕಲೆಗಳಿಗೆ, ಮನರಂಜನೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಹೆಸರುವಾಸಿಯಾದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರವಾಗಿದೆ. ಭಾರತೀಯ ಸಿನಿಮಾವು ಪ್ರಪಂಚದಾದ್ಯಂತ ಅಕರ್ಷಿಸುವ ವಿಶೇಷ ಮಾಧ್ಯಮವಾಗಿದೆ. ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಸಮಾಜದ ಪ್ರತಿಬಿಂಬ, ಯಾವುದೇ ಕಲೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ತನ್ನ ಸಮಕಾಲೀನ ಸಮಾಜವನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿಬಿಂಬಿಸುವಂತೆ ಸಿನಿಮಾರಂಗವು ಜನಪ್ರಿಯ ಮಾಧ್ಯಮವಾಗಿದೆ. ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಮತ್ತು ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳನ್ನು ಬಿತ್ತರಿಸುವ ಜಾಹೀರಾತುಗಳು ಸಹ ಸಮಾಜದ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಯನ್ನು ಹಾಗೂ ಸಮಾಜದ ಆಗು- ಹೋಗುಗಳನ್ನು ಸವಿಸ್ತಾರವಾಗಿ ಚಿತ್ರಸುವ ಕಾರ್ಯಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಭಿತ್ತಿಚಿತ್ರ ಜಾಹೀರಾತುಗಳು ಚಿತ್ರಮಂದಿರಗಳಿಗೆ ಪ್ರೇಕ್ಷಕರನ್ನು ಕರೆತರುವಲ್ಲಿ ಮಹತ್ವದ ಪಾತ್ರವನ್ನುವಹಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಭಾರತ ಪುರಷಪ್ರಧಾನ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರವಾಗಿದೆ. ಪುರುಷಪ್ರಧಾನವಾದ ಸಮಾಜದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಹಿಳೆಯರನ್ನು ಸಿನಿಮಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾಗೂ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಜಾಹೀರಾತುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುವುದು ಏಕಮುಖವಾಗಿದೆ. ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿಬಿಂಬಿಸುವ ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಲಿಂಗ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸ ಮತ್ತು ಲಿಂಗ ಸಮಾನತೆಗಳು ಅನಿವಾರ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಬೆಸೆದುಕೊಂಡಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಪರದೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಸ್ತ್ರೀ ಪುರುಷರ ನಡುವೆ ತಾರತಮ್ಯ ಸಮಾನತೆಯ ಸಂಘರ್ಷಗಳನ್ನು ಕಾಣಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಅದರಲ್ಲೂ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಭಿತ್ತಿ ಚಿತ್ರ ಜಾಹೀರಾತುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮಹಿಳೆಯರನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ತೋರಿಸುವ ರೀತಿ ಲೈಗಿಂಕವಾಗಿ ಆಕರ್ಷಿಸುವ, ಪ್ರಚೋದಿಸುವ ಜಾಹೀರಾತು ಸರುಕಾಗಿ ಮಾರ್ಪಾಡಾಗಿರುವುದು ದುರಂತವಾಗಿದೆ. ಮಹಿಳೆಯರನ್ನು, ಸಿನಿಮಾದ ಪಾತ್ರದಾರಿಯನ್ನು ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಭಿತ್ತಿಚಿತ್ರ ಜಾಹೀರಾತುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹೇಗೆ ಚಿತ್ರಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ ಎಂಬುದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಗಂಬೀರವಾಗಿ ಈ ಲೇಖನವು ಬೆಳಕು ಚೆಲ್ಲುತ್ತದೆ. ಇತ್ತೀಚಿನ ಆಧುನಿಕ ಹತ್ತು ಕನ್ನಡ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಭಿತ್ತಿಚಿತ್ರ ಜಾಹೀರಾತುಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾದರಿಯಾಗಿ ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ, ಈ ಲೇಖನವು ದೃಶ್ಯ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳು ಸಂದೇಶವನ್ನು ಸಂವಹಿಸುವ ಸಂಜ್ಞಾತ್ಮಕ ವಿಧಾನ (ವಿಷುಯಲ್‌ ಸೆಮಿಯೋಟಿಕ್ಸ) ಬಳಸಲಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಈ ವಿಧಾನದಿಂದ ಮಹಿಳೆಯರನ್ನು ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಭಿತ್ತಿಚಿತ್ರ ಜಾಹೀರಾತುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹೇಗೆ ಚಿತ್ರಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ ಎಂಬುದರ ಒಂದು ಸಂಜ್ಞಾತ್ಮಕ ಹಿನ್ನಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

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 Keywords

ಆಧುನಿಕ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಿನಿಮಾರಂಗದ ಭಿತ್ತಿಪತ್ರ ಜಾಹೀರಾತುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮಹಿಳೆಯರ ಚಿತ್ರಣ: ಒಂದು ಸಂಜ್ಞಾತ್ಮಕ ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ

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 Abstract

The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has introduced new challenges for stakeholders ranging from grid operators to EV owners. A critical challenge is to develop an effective and economical strategy for managing EV charging while considering the diverse objectives of all involved parties. In this study, we propose a context-aware EV smart charging system that leverages deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to accommodate the unique requirements and goals of participants. Our DRL-based approach dynamically adapts to changing contextual factors such as time of day, location, and weather to optimize charging decisions in real time. By striking a balance between charging cost, grid load reduction, fleet operator preferences, and charging station energy efficiency, the system offers EV owners a seamless and cost-efficient charging experience. Through simulations, we evaluate the efficiency of our proposedDeepQ-Network(DQN)systembycomparingitwithotherdistinctDRLmethods:ProximalPolicy Optimization (PPO), synchronous Advantage Actor-Critic (A3C), and Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG). Notably, our proposed methodology, DQN, demonstrated superior computational performance compared to the others. Our results reveal that the proposed system achieves a remarkable, approximately 18% enhancement in energy efficiency compared to traditional methods. Moreover, it demonstrates about a 12% increase in cost-effectiveness for EV owners, effectively reducing grid strain by 20% and curbing CO2 emissions by 10% due to the utilization of natural energy sources. The system's success lies in its ability to facilitate sequential decision-making, decipher intricate data patterns, and adapt to dynamic contexts. Consequently, the proposed system not only meets the efficiency and optimization requirements of fleet operators and charging station maintainers but also exemplifies a promising stride toward sustainable and balanced EV charging management.I.

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 Keywords

Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Smart Charging Load Scheduling IoT (Internet of Things) Cloud Computing

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition