Volume 14 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

This study presents an equity research analysis of HDFC Bank Ltd., one of India's leading private sector banks, with the objective of evaluating its financial performance and intrinsic valuation. The analysis is based on secondary data covering the period from FY 2021 to FY 2025, with the valuation date set as 31 March 2025. Financial performance is assessed using profitability and efficiency ratios, while valuation is conducted through market-based and intrinsic valuation models. Share price trends and comparative analysis with benchmark indices are also examined. The findings indicate consistent profitability, strong capital efficiency, and reasonable valuation, supporting a positive long-term investment outlook.

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Equity research; HDFC Bank Ltd.; financial performance; valuation analysis; banking sector; share price trend

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Abhishyanda, a severe eye disorder, is equivalent to conjunctivitis in modern medicine. Characterized by conjunctival inflammation, it can spread through the bloodstream (Rakta) and lead to complications like Adhimanth (acute pain) and other ocular diseases. If left untreated, Abhishyanda can cause Sandhigat roga (joint disorders), Shuklagat roga (reproductive issues), Krishnagat roga (skin diseases), Vartmagat roga (skin lesions). So Ayurvedic classics categorize Abhishyanda into four types is Vataja Abhishyanda, Pittaja Abhishyanda, Kaphaja Abhishyanda and Raktaja Abhishyanda. Excessive eye discharge is a hallmark symptom of Abhishyanda, resulting from Kledana (imbalance) in Doshas and Dhatus. Ayurvedic management approaches for Abhishyanda include Anjana (collyrium), Pariseka (liquid pouring), Pralepa (paste application), Aschyotana (eye drops), Tarpana (nourishment), Sweda (sweating), Putpaka (fumigation) and specific Ayurvedic formulations and herbs offer relief. This article aims to analyze the concept of Abhishyanda as described in Ayurveda and correlate it with conjunctivitis based on etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and classification.

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KEYWORDS: Ayurveda, Netraroga, Abhishyanda, Shalakya Tantra

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An efficient and environmentally benign method for the synthesis of 3-(5-phenylisoxazol-3-yl) pyridine has been developed using citric acid as a green and inexpensive catalyst. In the present study, the target heterocyclic compound was synthesized through the cyclization of 3-(3-pyridyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-one (chalcone) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride under mild reaction conditions. The reaction was carried out in ethanol in the presence of a catalytic amount of citric acid, providing a simple and eco-friendly approach for the formation of the isoxazole ring.

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2-acetylpyridine, benzaldehyde, citric acid, reflux, green chemistry.

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Ayurveda is a timeless science based on principles of prevention and healing. Although diseases are described in various forms in modern medicine, their fundamental imbalance often corresponds with Ayurvedic concepts. Ayurveda states that diseases and remedies are infinite, and treatment depends on proper understanding of principles rather than fixed formulations.Honey bee sting (Makshika Dansha) is a common toxicological emergency in both rural and urban populations. In Ayurveda, Agadtantra describes various herbal antidotes for insect bites. The present in vivo study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Shirisha (Albizia lebbeck) pushpa lepa and Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa) mula lepa in honey bee sting in albino mice. The study focuses on anti-inflammatory and anti-toxic properties of these herbal formulations in comparison with standard treatment. Parameters such as Swelling,Redness,Tenderness ,Discoloration, and histopathological changes were assessed.

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Shirisha pushpa, Punarnava mula, lepa,Honey bee,Agadtantra,Ayurveda

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Hypertension is one of the most important public health challenges and one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle modification remains a cornerstone of the management of hypertension. The present study was conducted to assess and compare the lifestyle practices among hypertensive teachers working in government and private schools of Dausa District of Rajasthan. A non-experimental, descriptive comparative, quantitative design was used. Eighty teachers with hypertension were selected by purposive sampling that included 40 teachers from government schools and 40 teachers from private schools. Lifestyle practices, including dietary habits, physical activity, stress management, personal health practices, and medication adherence, were collected through a structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the analysis.

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Hypertension, Life Style Behaviour, Teachers, Government School, Private School, Health Promotion, Occupational Health.

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This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a herbal antidandruff serum containing aerial root extract of Ficus benghalensis (Banyan Tree). The extract was obtained by Soxhlet extraction and showed the presence of important phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, and phenolic compounds. The formulated serum was evaluated for pH, spreadability, homogeneity, washability, and antifungal activity. Results showed good physicochemical properties, stability, and significant antifungal activity against dandruff-causing fungi. Among the formulations, F3 showed the highest antifungal activity. The study concludes that Banyan aerial root extract can be effectively used in a herbal antidandruff serum for dandruff management and scalp care.

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Ficus benghalensis, Banyan Tree, Antidandruff Serum, Herbal Formulation, Antifungal Activity, Malassezia, Phytochemical Screening.

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Chemistry education; Storytelling Methodology; History of chemistry; Conceptual learning; Scientific discovery; Active Interactive rather proactive learning

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Wastewater treatment is essential for protecting environmental quality and ensuring public health safety. Conventional chemical coagulants used in wastewater treatment are often associated with high operational costs, sludge generation, and environmental concerns. In recent years, natural coagulants derived from agricultural waste materials have gained significant attention due to their eco-friendly, biodegradable, and cost-effective nature. This study evaluates the effectiveness of banana peel as a natural coagulant for wastewater treatment applications. Banana peel powder was prepared and utilized in laboratory-scale jar test experiments to analyze its ability to reduce turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) from wastewater samples. The effects of pH, coagulant dosage, and settling time on treatment efficiency were also investigated. Experimental observations revealed that banana peel powder effectively improved wastewater quality by removing suspended particles and organic pollutants. The study demonstrates that banana peel can serve as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical coagulants. The utilization of banana peel not only enhances wastewater treatment efficiency but also promotes agricultural waste management and sustainable environmental practices.

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Wastewater Treatment, Banana Peel, Natural Coagulant, Turbidity Removal, COD Reduction, Eco-Friendly Treatment.

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ABSTRACT Performance of financial institution is a Key indicator of Indian economy. Financial institutions in India are categorized into banking institutions, All-India Financial Institutions (AIFIs), non-banking financial companies (NBFCs), and specialized insurance and investment bodies. They are strictly regulated by apex authorities such as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Growth and the performance of financial institutions including the profit, quality of assets, percentage of liquidity, and operational growth of the SBI in Karnataka from last five financial years, from 2020-21 to 2024-25. This articles prepared by using secondary sources of data collection from SBI annual reports, financial statements of Banks, Journals and other banking reference books. Assessments and analyses are conducted through concern ratios such as Return on Assets and Net Interest Margin Ration. the study found that SBI earnings and growth, quality of assets and its improvement for the Bank, with healthy liquidity postures. Keywords: Performance, Financial Institution, Profitability, NPA, Return on assets.

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Performance, Financial Institution, Profitability, NPA, Return on assets

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Abstract Background: Mukhapaka is a commonly encountered Mukharoga described in Ayurvedic literature, characterized by inflammation and ulcerative lesions involving the oral cavity. The clinical manifestations of Mukhapaka closely resemble stomatitis, a prevalent inflammatory disorder of the oral mucosa affecting individuals of all age groups, particularly children. Despite the availability of various therapeutic approaches, recurrent episodes and symptomatic burden continue to challenge effective management. Ayurveda advocates several local therapeutic procedures for Mukharogas, among which Kavala occupies a significant place. Pippalyadi Kawal, a formulation described in Vangasena Samhita, has traditionally been indicated in oral disorders. Objective: To critically review the Ayurvedic concept of Mukhapaka, correlate it with stomatitis, and evaluate the therapeutic potential of Pippalyadi Kawal based on classical Ayurvedic literature and contemporary scientific evidence. Materials and Methods: Relevant information was collected from classical Ayurvedic texts including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, Yogaratnakara, Vangasena Samhita, Bhavaprakasha, and Sharangadhara Samhita. Modern literature was reviewed through textbooks, peer-reviewed journals, and electronic databases focusing on stomatitis and the pharmacological profile of the ingredients of Pippalyadi Kawal. Results: Mukhapaka described under Sarvasara Mukharoga demonstrates considerable similarity with stomatitis in terms of etiology, clinical features, and disease progression. Pippalyadi Kawal comprises Pippali (Piper longum Linn.), Shweta Sarshapa (Brassica campestris Linn.), Nagara (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), and Nichula (Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn.). Scientific studies have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing activities of these ingredients, supporting their potential role in oral mucosal disorders. Conclusion: Classical Ayurvedic evidence and contemporary pharmacological findings suggest that Pippalyadi Kawal possesses promising therapeutic potential in the management of Mukhapaka w.s.r. to stomatitis. Further clinical studies are warranted to establish its efficacy and safety.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Mukhapaka, Stomatitis, Pippalyadi Kawal, Sarvasara

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