Volume 11 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

Himachal Pradesh, a foothill state, has been inhabited by the people and has flourished since the beginning of Indus Valley Civilization. The natural beauty and climatic conditions have been the attraction for the people. In the beginning of British rule, the hill state served as a cantonment and capital for the British during the summer. The development of settlement by British paved the way to the people towards the hills.Thus, evolution of urban center in Himachal Pradesh spreads over in different periods of Indian history. These urban centers have been classified into three groups: pre-British towns, British towns, postIndependence towns. The present study attempts to highlight and identify various characteristics of towns in accordance to the period of their evolution based on secondary data. It is observed that the period of evolution plays an important role on site, size and growth of population in towns of the state whereas little or no impact is observed on the function of the towns. This is due to peculiar topographical and location situation of Himachal Pradesh where topography, climate and locational factors put great impediments in the way of industrialization process. The largest number of towns evolved in the post-independence period followed by that in the ancient period.

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Urban Centers, Himachal Pradesh, British, pre-British.

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The shopha of prolonged pakwa avastha when ignored, produces a large amount of pus which percolates into the deeper tissues ending in complications like sinus,fistula, Fournier's Gangrene, septicemia, eventually A surgeon has to decide to go orchidectomy for pts survival a Nadi means a tract vruna means an ulcer, so an ulcer which is having a tract is called Nadi vruna.A case study Reports A men of 45 years with an ulcer in the left scrotum having a tract directing to the lower right scrotum which was probed and treated with ksharasutra procedure successfully avoiding the orchidectomy as suggested by the contemporary surgeons. METHODOLOGY Method: A diagnosed case of scrotal ulcer with a non-healing tract is selected on opd and after parts preparation and painting done, A wound debridement was done, A sterile ksharasutra is taken from a cabinet, ksharasutra which is to be tied to a probe eventually changing the ksharasutra weekly till the ksharasutra is cut through. Complete healing occurred within 28 days. RESULT: Complete healing occurred within 28 days. Noting the pus discharge, swelling, pain, and unit index healing. DISCUSSION The commonly adopted surgical techniques in contemporary science for the management of scrotal sinus or fistula is Excision and healing by secondary intentions, excision and primary closure with reconstructive flaps techniques. In this case report as external openings where far away from medial raphe involving both the scrotal region and many ramifications were present the contemporary doctors advised for a total orchidectomy so came to our hospital we planned for kshara and its different modalities like ksharavarti and ksharasutra was adopted .As ksharasutra does both cutting and healing , it was used fir threading between main sinus and an external opening was made manually approximately 6 cm,ksharavarti was kept in other ulcer.

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MANAGEMENT OF SCROTAL SINUS WITH KSHARASUTRA AND VISHYANDHANA TAILA POORANA AS AN ADJUVENT THERAPY - A CASE STUDY

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Wireless Sensor Network has been increasingly used for remote monitoring system and its adoption in increasing exponentially for larger application too. However, there are various challenges associated with both resource management and security that roots up when the deployment scale goes massive and distributed in order. The proposed system considers a case study of smart city management where the problems associated with data transmission and security has been addressed. This is carried out using the provisioning of urban environment monitoring system that is an essential system for smart city projects to assure the citizens' better-quality well- being. The scalable and effective urban environment monitoring system requires a seamless transmission of the data from the sensor nodes to the analytics engine. The existing architectures are more designed to suit very specifically the use-cases. As a contribution, the proposed system introduces a cost-effective architecture for environmental monitoring in urban zones of smart city named as a Smart Sensor Surveillance System (4S- UEM). The core idea of the proposed system is to offer a balance between resource efficiency and resilience secure communication in large scale deployment of WSN considering smart city as deployment and assessment area. The proposed system makes use of urban geographical clustering process in order to develop an organized structure of sensor nodes. Different from any existing studies, the proposed system introduces data analytical engine followed by secure routing using gateway. The design of the proposed system is carried out using layered architecture of the communication model targeting towards a cost-effective, energy optimal, and secure data transmission to the analytics engine.

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Wireless sensor network (WSN), Urban environment monitoring (UEM)

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The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, emerged around 2600 BCE in the fertile plains of the Indus River valley. This ancient civilization thrived for nearly a millennium and left behind a rich architectural legacy that continues to captivate scholars and archaeologists to this day. This research paper aims to explore and analyze the architectural achievements of the Harappan Civilization, shedding light on the structures, techniques, and urban planning principles that characterized their built environment. Drawing upon extensive archaeological evidence, including excavations at major Harappan sites such as Mohenjo-daro and Harappa itself, this study delves into the architectural marvels that defined the civilization. The paper examines the distinctive features of Harappan architecture, including its use of standardized brick sizes, complex drainage systems, and multi-story structures. Furthermore, it investigates the urban planning and city layouts of Harappan settlements, providing insights into the organized nature of their cities and the social, economic, and cultural factors that influenced their design.By examining the material remains and architectural remains, this research paper also aims to shed light on the function and purpose of Harappan buildings. From public structures like the Great Bath to private residences and workshops, a comprehensive understanding of Harappan architecture provides valuable clues about the social structure, religious practices, and daily life of the civilization's inhabitants.In addition to presenting an overview of the architectural achievements, this paper also highlights the challenges and mysteries surrounding the Harappan architectural legacy. The enigmatic disappearance of the civilization, the reasons for the abandonment of major cities, and the potential influences on subsequent architectural traditions are subjects of intrigue and ongoing debate. Exploring these questions contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the Harappan Civilization's architectural legacy and its significance in the broader context of ancient civilizations.this research paper aims to provide a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the architectural legacy of the Harappan Civilization. By examining the structures, techniques, urban planning, and societal implications of their built environment, this study seeks to shed light on the remarkable achievements and enduring influence of this ancient civilization's architectural heritage.

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Harappan Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization, Architectural Legacy, Urban Planning, Construction Techniques, Drainage Systems

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In Indian literature, the novels of Mulk Raj Anand, R.K. Narayan, and Raja Rao laid the foundation of Indian English fiction. The post-colonial age represented by these three novelists was importantly a quest for identity along various dimensions of socio-political and economic order of India. It is clear that individual's search for identity has been the prime aspect in almost all the novels of Anand. The loss of identity may be a moment of despair for the protagonists but when they re-attain their identity after a long struggle it is a great moment of delight for them. The word 'Identity' finds its origin in the late sixteenth century, (in the sense 'quality of being identical'). This paper explores how Mulk Raj Anand in his novels like Coolie, The Road, Untouchable, Two Leaves and A Bud and The Sword and The Sickle portrays the real sufferings Protagonists in the hands of upper class and their sufferings represent individuals as well as the society's struggle for identity.

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Postcolonialism, Crisis for Identity, Untouchability, Imperialism, Poverty and Slavery

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This study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of Interventional package on Quality of life among perimenopausal women in selected Community area at Mohali district. Quantitative research approach with pre-experimental one group pre-test post- test design was adopted. This study was conducted in selected community area badala, badali nawa shehar of Mohali, Punjab, the sample was were selected by using Purposive sampling technique in experimental group. The conceptual frame work based on Imogene king's goal attainment theory and the tool used in the study was Utian quality of life scale (UQOL). The data was collected and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. To test the hypothesis paired 't' test, unpaired 't' test and chi-square were used. The level of significance was assessed by p<0.05 to test the hypothesis. The major findings of the study were summarized as, the analysis of pre-test in experimental group, majority, 13(43.33%) were having average quality of life and 7(23.33%) were having poor quality of life. But after administration of interventional package, in post-test, majority 21(70%) of them were having good quality of life and none of them had poor quality of life. The mean pre-test level of quality of life among perimenopausal women 50.2 and the mean post-test level of quality of life was 69.8 and the obtained "t "value is 13.57. This shows that the mean difference 19.6 is a true difference which is significant at 0.0001 level. Therefore, the researcher rejects the null hypothesis and accepts the research hypothesis. and the findings support the research hypothesis. This is due to the effectiveness of interventional packages. The mean score on level of quality of life among perimenopausal women in posttest experimental group was 69.8 The estimated Unpaired 't' values were 4.05 * which is significant at p<0.05. It shows that Interventional packages was effective in improving the level of quality of life among perimenopausal women. The above findings fail to support the null hypothesis and accept the research hypothesis The data findings showed that there is significant association between the level of quality of life with the selected demographic variables like age, religion, education, occupation, family income, type of family, age at menarche, regularity of menstruation, age at menopause and years after menopause. So, the researcher accepts the research hypothesis and rejects the null hypothesis. The mean score of the level of quality of life among perimenopausal women in study group value were in pretest and 69.8 in posttest respectively. The Paired 't' value is 13.57 which is highly significant at p<0.001. It shows that Interventional packages was effective in improving the level of quality of life among perimenopausal women.

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PERI-MENOPAUSAL, EMPOWERMENT

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Goods and Services Tax (GST) is one of the most significant tax reforms introduced by the Indian government in recent years. GST has replaced multiple indirect taxes at the national level, and it aims to bring the entire country under a uniform indirect taxation regime. The impact of GST on the Indian economy has been immense in both positive and negative ways, with several pros and cons. On the positive side, the implementation of GST has led to the simplification of the taxation system, and it has reduced the burden of compliance for the business enterprises. The single tax regime has brought transparency and accountability, thereby reducing corruption and black money. It has also boosted exports by improving the competitiveness of Indian goods in the international market. On the negative side, the immediate impact of GST was an increase in prices, which led to a temporary slowdown in the consumption and production sectors of the economy. The small and medium enterprises (SMEs) faced challenges in transitioning to the new tax regime, and it affected their business operations. The impact of GST on the unorganized sector of the economy remains a concern, as they are still struggling to comply with the new tax rules

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GST small and medium enterprises (SMEs) unorganized sector new tax rules Indian economy Tax reform Indirect taxes Compliance Transparency Accountability

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Bipolar illness and neuropathic pain can both be effectively treated with the use of the antiepileptic medicine carbamazepine (CBZ), which is also a common AED. As a result of its agonistic actions on GABA receptors, it may also modify synaptic transmission and boost sodium channel inactivation. The pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine are characterised by a high plasma protein binding, excellent bioavailability, and self-metabolism resulting in enhanced clearance. The primary metabolite, carbamazepine-epoxide (CBZ-E), has completed generation and undergoes two steps of elimination. It can be tough to establish dose-response correlations since the pharmacodynamic interactions of carbamazepine with other AEDs might be complicated. In especially with AEDs that induce enzymes, carbamazepine has a number of medication interactions. Consequences of carbamazepine include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, reduced blood cell counts, hypersensitivity responses, and other symptoms including dizziness and involuntary muscular movements. however, these adverse reactions are often dose-related and less frequent when using monotherapy. A patient should avoid using carbamazepine if they have a certain medical history or are taking another medicine at the same time.

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Carbamazepine (CBZ), Antiepileptic drug (AED), Gamma aminobutyric acid (GAMA), Oxcarbazepine (OXC), Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL), Epilepsy, Schizophrenia, Trigeminal neuroglia, Mania, Bipolar disorder.

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With the ever-increasing complexity of software systems and the need for higher quality and reliability, the application of machine learning techniques has emerged as a promising approach in improving software quality. This research paper presents a comprehensive review of the utilization of machine learning in the context of software quality, highlighting its potential benefits, challenges, and future directions. The paper begins by providing an overview of machine learning and its fundamental concepts, including supervised and unsupervised learning, feature extraction, and model evaluation techniques. It then explores various aspects of software quality, such as defect prediction, fault localization, test case prioritization, and software maintenance, where machine learning techniques have been successfully applied. Furthermore, the paper discusses the specific machine learning algorithms commonly employed in software quality applications, including decision trees, support vector machines, random forests, and neural networks. It examines how these algorithms are utilized for tasks such as feature selection, classification, clustering, and anomaly detection. In addition to discussing the advantages of machine learning in software quality, this research highlights the challenges and limitations that researchers and practitioner's encounter. These challenges include the scarcity of labeled data, the interpretability of models, and the potential bias in training data. Finally, the research presents future directions and emerging trends in the application of machine learning in software quality. It explores the integration of deep learning techniques, the utilization of transfer learning for better generalization, and the incorporation of natural language processing for analyzing software artifacts such as documentation and bug reports.

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Machine Learning, decision trees, support vector machines, random forests, neural networks

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Abstract Witness protection is a critical aspect of ensuring the effective functioning of the criminal justice system. In India, the need for protection of witnesses has been addresses by courts in various judgments however, finally in the landmark case of Mahendra Chawla vs. Union of India, the Supreme Court of India made the first attempt to protect witnesses under the ambit of law by introducing the Witness Protection Scheme,2018 to address the vulnerabilities faced by witnesses and encourage their participation in trials. However, the implementation of the scheme has encountered several issues and challenges that hinder its effectiveness. This research paper aims to analyze the witness protection scheme in India, identify the key issues and challenges associated with its implementation, and provide recommendations for improving the existing framework.

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Keywords: Witness Protection, Protection scheme, Effectiveness, Implementation Challenges

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