Volume 13 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

Women are the worst sufferers during conflict and yet they are significantly absent from all efforts to mitigate it, all endeavours to record it and all initiatives to resolve it. War being a masculine construct has hardly allowed women space to record their experiences since times immemorial. Nevertheless, the changing face of violent conflicts in the twenty-first century, urges reconsideration in the discriminatory practices that disregard the permanent and often devastating consequences of wars on the lives of women. An intersectional perspective that includes the intricacies of race, gender, religion, background, geographics and politics, must be endorsed so as to understand the overall impact of armed conflicts on the other half of the population. In addressing the reckless erasure of women's histories and experiences, particularly of sexual violence, women must shoulder the responsibility of representation, hence standing in solidarity for the mute voices drowned away by the cacophonous business of warfare. This research paper proposes to study Nadia Murad's The Last Girl and Christina Lamb's Our Bodies Their Battlefield as examples of the agency of women in regrouping and rebuilding from their shattered, limiting and chaotic surroundings.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Women, Conflict, Peace, Security, War, Gender Based Violence, Displacement.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: Phishing is a major cybersecurity threat that tricks users into revealing sensitive information through deceptive websites. Traditional methods like blacklists and browser alerts often fail to detect newly crafted or obfuscated phishing URLs. This project presents a Phishing Detection System using Hybrid Machine Learning, which combines multiple supervised algorithms--Logistic Regression, SVM, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and XGBoost--within an ensemble voting framework. URLs are converted into numerical vectors using TF-IDF, allowing the models to detect hidden patterns and anomalies. A majority voting mechanism enhances detection accuracy and system robustness. The solution is implemented with a user-friendly interface using Streamlit, enabling real-time URL classification without relying on external APIs or blacklists. It is lightweight, scalable, and capable of operating offline, making it ideal for integration into browsers, email systems, or enterprise security tools. Tested on real-world datasets, the system achieves over 95% accuracy while maintaining high performance under load. This project highlights the effectiveness of hybrid machine learning in phishing detection and offers scope for future improvements, such as deep learning integration and browser plugin development.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Phishing Detection, Machine Learning, Hybrid Model, URL Classification, Ensemble Learning, Cybersecurity, TF-IDF, Streamlit

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This project aims to develop innovative micro-cooling devices inspired by natural cooling strategies employed by organisms in hot and dry climates. By mimicking these biological mechanisms, we seek to create sustainable and energy-efficient solutions to address the increasing demand for cooling in such environments. The project will involve a multidisciplinary approach, combining biomimicry, materials science, and thermal engineering to design and fabricate micro-scale devices capable of passively cooling surfaces and spaces. The performance of these devices will be evaluated through rigorous experimentation in a controlled laboratory setting, as well as in real-world conditions. The findings of this research will contribute to the development of sustainable building technologies and contribute to mitigating the impact of climate change.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

BIOMIMICRY, Passive cooling system,Hot and Rid climate design, Jaali wall

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Road traffic accidents remain a significant global concern, resulting in substantial loss of life, injuries, and economic burden. This study presents a data-driven approach for predictive modeling of road accidents using advanced machine learning (ML) techniques to enhance traffic safety. Leveraging historical accident datasets and incorporating variables such as weather conditions, traffic volume, road types, and temporal features, various ML algorithms--including Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Gradient Boosting--are evaluated for their predictive performance. Feature selection and data preprocessing methods are applied to improve model accuracy and interpretability. The results demonstrate that ensemble-based models outperform traditional methods in identifying high-risk conditions and accident-prone zones. The findings offer actionable insights for traffic management authorities, enabling the development of proactive safety strategies and data-informed policy-making. This research highlights the transformative potential of machine learning in predicting and mitigating road accidents, paving the way for smarter and safer transportation systems.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Road Accidents, Predictive Modeling, Machine Learning, Traffic Safety, Data-Driven Approach, Accident Prediction, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Gradient Boosting, Traffic Management.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The growing accumulation of waste rubber and the demand for environmentally sustainable construction materials have prompted significant interest in alternative concrete technologies. One such approach involves the partial replacement of fine aggregate with crumb rubber and cement with silica fume. This combination has demonstrated potential in enhancing the mechanical and durability properties of concrete while mitigating environmental impact. This review systematically examines existing literature on the use of crumb rubber and silica fume in concrete, with emphasis on their influence on workability, compressive strength, performance, toughness, and long-term durability. Additionally, the effects of mix design variables, curing conditions, and replacement ratios are evaluated. While crumb rubber tends to decrease strength parameters, the inclusion of silica fume can effectively compensate for these losses and improve overall performance. The synergistic use of these materials presents a promising route toward more sustainable and high-performance concrete. This paper also identifies key research gaps and outlines future directions for optimizing these materials in both structural and non-structural applications.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

CRUMB RUBBBER, SILICA FUME, CONCRETE

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This research examines the creation and utilization of paver blocks derived from granules of waste rubber tires and ground materials from plastic bottles, with the goal of offering an environmentally friendly substitute for traditional paving materials. The main aim is to tackle the environmental issues caused by non-biodegradable waste by transforming these materials into robust construction products. This study highlights the increasing environmental concerns associated with waste disposal and the construction sector's significant need for sustainable materials, which have spurred investigations into alternative building resources. This research delves into the assessment of eco-friendly paver blocks produced from rubber granules (recycled from discarded tires) and post-consumer recycled plastic. The objective is to minimize waste while improving the physical characteristics of paver blocks. In this study, different ratios of rubber granules and recycled plastic are incorporated into standard cement-based mixtures to create the paver blocks. The performance of these modified blocks was thoroughly evaluated through a series of tests, including compressive strength, water absorption, abrasion resistance, and flexural tests. The findings indicated that the addition of rubber granules significantly enhanced the flexibility, shock absorption, and impact resistance of the pavers, while the recycled plastic contributed to greater durability and wear resistance. Although a minor decrease in compressive strength was noted with increased rubber content, the overall performance of the eco-friendly blocks was found to be comparable to or even superior to that of conventional pavers in several critical areas. The study verifies that utilizing rubber granules and recycled plastic not only mitigates environmental impact by recycling waste materials but also yields paver blocks with enhanced mechanical properties, establishing them as a feasible alternative for sustainable urban infrastructure. These results emphasize the opportunity for recycled materials to play a role in the advancement of green infrastructure and offer a budget-friendly substitute for traditional construction techniques.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Paver Blocks, Waste Rubber Granules, Plastic Crushed, Sustainable Construction.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Women's empowerment is a vital process that enhances the ability of women to make strategic life choices in a context where this ability was previously denied. This study explores the multifaceted nature of women's empowerment, including its social, economic, educational, legal, and political dimensions. It examines the theoretical and practical foundations of empowerment, highlights the crucial role of education, and identifies key barriers such as poverty, patriarchy, lack of access to resources, and gender-based violence. The research emphasizes the importance of both grassroots efforts--like Self-Help Groups (SHGs)--and institutional support in promoting women's rights and opportunities. Based on data from field studies, interviews, and literature review, the study concludes that successful empowerment requires a holistic, sustained, and inclusive approach that involves communities, governments, and women themselves. Empowering women is not only a matter of social justice but a strategic necessity for national development and societal progress.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Gender, Equality, Education, Economic, Independence, Rights.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The menstrual cycle is a vital physiological process regulated by complex hormonal interactions, notably the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, which governs reproductive health in individuals with female reproductive systems. Despite being a natural biological function, menstruation is still surrounded by social stigma, cultural taboos and a significant lack of awareness, especially among adolescent girls and women in developing countries. Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) plays a critical role in ensuring health, education and dignity; however, challenges such as inadequate access to sanitary products, poor sanitation facilities and insufficient menstrual education persist. This research aims to assess the level of awareness regarding the menstrual cycle and menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls and women. The objectives include identifying sources of information, understanding menstrual hygiene practices, and evaluating the effectiveness of educational interventions. An observational and randomized survey involving 127 participants aged 10-55 years was conducted using structured questionnaires. Basic statistical tools such as mean, percentage and frequency distribution were employed for data analysis. The study underscores the urgent need for menstrual health education, improved access to hygiene products and supportive infrastructure in schools and communities. The findings aim to inform policy development and contribute to breaking the silence around menstruation, thereby empowering girls and women to manage their menstrual health with dignity and confidence.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Menstrual Cycle, Menstrual Hygiene, Adolescent Girls, Women's Health, Reproductive Health, Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM), Hygiene Practices, Awareness, Health Education, Cultural Taboos.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

ABSTRACT The formulation and evaluation of herbal digestive churna aim to create an effective herbal remedy for improving digestion and alleviating gastrointestinal disorders. Digestive churna, a traditional Aurvedic preparation, is composed of a combination of herbs and spices known for their carminative, digestive, and anti-inflammatoryproperties. The churna is designed to stimulate digestive enzymes, promote smoothbowel movement, and reduce symptoms of indigestion, bloating, and acidity. This study focuses on the formulation of digestive churna using natural ingredients such as ginger (Zingiber officinale), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), and other medicinal plants. These ingredients are selected based on their long-standing use in traditional medicine for enhancing digestion and alleviating stomach discomfort. The churna is prepared by grinding the dried herbs into a fine powder, ensuring the proper proportions of each ingredient for maximum therapeutic benefit.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords:DigestiveChurna,HerbalFormulation,GastrointestinalHealth,AyurvedicMedicine, Therapeutic Evaluation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This research paper investigates the influence of celebrity endorsements on consumer buying behaviour, focusing on various attributes such as celebrity credibility, attractiveness, and congruence with the product. The study utilizes secondary data from existing academic literature and market research reports to examine how these factors affect consumer trust, purchase intentions, and brand loyalty. The analysis reveals that while celebrity endorsements can enhance consumer engagement and brand recognition, their effectiveness depends on multiple factors, including the nature of the product, the fit between celebrity and brand, and the demographic profile of the target audience. The findings reveal that celebrity endorsements can positively influence consumer perceptions, leading to greater brand recall and heightened consumer trust. However, the effectiveness of celebrity endorsements varies across different consumer segments and product categories. This study highlights valuable insights for marketers on optimizing endorsement strategies and understanding the dynamics of consumer behaviour in the context of celebrity-driven advertising.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Celebrity Endorsement, Consumer Buying Behaviour

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition