Volume 8 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

An issue that has been plaguing protection engineers for a considerable amount of time is the extraction of negative phase sequence components from three-phase alternating current voltages and currents. In this research, a unique numerical three-phase filtering approach is presented for the purpose of extracting the negative phase sequence components from sampled three-phase observations. In order to calculate either the absolute value of the negative phase quantity or the relative value of the negative phase sequence to the positive phase sequence measured at the operating point, the mathematical algorithm has been designed to be appropriate for use in a numeric relay. This is because the method has been developed to be suitable for use in its intended application. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the capabilities of the method by presenting findings that indicate that the amount of negative phase sequence components can often be retrieved within thirty milliseconds after a disturbance by using a simple post-extraction smoothing filter. A notional sampling rate of 1200 samples per second was used in this example, together with an automated frequency tracking method, in order to ensure that the sampling clock and the power system frequency remained in perfect sync with one another.

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 Keywords

Mathematical model, Relay algorithm, AC, Negative phase sequence

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 Abstract

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) plays a vital role in ensuring the safety, reliability, and sustainability of civil infrastructure such as bridges and high-rise buildings. Traditional inspection-based approaches are often costly, time-consuming, and incapable of providing continuous condition assessment. Recent advances in Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and fiber optic sensing have enabled real-time, automated, and scalable SHM systems. This paper presents a comprehensive review and integration framework of IoT-based sensor networks and fiber optic sensors for real-time damage detection in bridges and tall buildings. IoT sensors enable distributed data acquisition, wireless communication, and cloud-based analytics, while fiber optic sensors provide high-resolution, durable, and interference-resistant measurements of strain, temperature, vibration, and crack propagation. The synergy between these technologies enables accurate damage identification, localization, and severity assessment. Applications in bridges and high-rise buildings demonstrate the effectiveness of hybrid SHM systems in enhancing safety, reducing maintenance costs, and supporting informed decision-making. Challenges and future research directions are also discussed.

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 Keywords

Structural Health Monitoring, Internet of Things, Fiber Optic Sensors, Fiber Bragg Grating, Wireless Sensor Networks, Bridges, High-Rise Buildings.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

A heat pipe is an important tool for effective cooling performance of the electronic devices. The main focus of this paper is to review applications of heat pipe in electronic system. Miniaturization of chips and increasing processing speed decreases the heat transfer surface area and generates very high heat fluxes resulting in large temperature rise in electronics devices. Therefore, for an effective cooling heat pipe is a better selection because of its high efficiency and reliability. A major part of this review paper is allocated to applications of different types of heat pipe and modern trends in heat pipe technology. Nanofluids are dilute suspensions of nanoparticles composite materials with the specific aim of increasing the thermal conductivity of heat transfer fluids. Authors also analyzed some of the applications of heat pipes with nanofluid for electronic cooling.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

heat pipe, effective cooling, nanofluids.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In order to extend the useful life of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Redundancy Management of Multipath Routing abstractions emphasize the use of many data pathways to improve system security and reliability against malevolent or unreliable nodes while balancing this against energy cost. In order to increase query success probability and network lifespan, these abstracts suggest voting-based intrusion detection techniques to find and eliminate malicious nodes, dynamic algorithms that modify settings at runtime in response to environmental changes, and mathematical models to determine the ideal redundancy levels for multipath routing.

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 Keywords

Wireless sensor, Redundancy .

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

High-speed digital logic design is critical for modern computing, communication, and embedded systems. As the demand for faster data processing continues to grow, ensuring signal integrity and accurate timing analysis has become a fundamental aspect of circuit design. This paper explores the principles of signal integrity and timing analysis, addressing key challenges such as transmission line effects, crosstalk, power integrity, and clock synchronization. Various methodologies and tools used for ensuring robust high-speed digital circuit design are discussed, including impedance matching, layered PCB designs, and controlled routing strategies. The paper also delves into modern simulation tools and measurement techniques that help engineers analyze and optimize high-speed circuits. Furthermore, case studies highlighting real-world applications in high-performance computing, telecommunication infrastructure, and FPGA-based systems are presented to demonstrate the practical implementation of these principles. By employing advanced design strategies, engineers can effectively mitigate signal degradation, reduce noise, and enhance the reliability of high-speed digital circuits.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

High-Speed Digital Design, Signal Integrity, Timing Analysis, Impedance Matching, Crosstalk, Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), Clock Skew

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This Present Paper deals with a brief account of the historical significance of the town of Ellore, the capital city of the previous West Godavari district. The geographical location of the town and its history are described, as is the history of the formation of the municipal administration in the town. Ellore was well-known for its carpet-making skills. The well-flourished city witnessed drastic demographic growth in a time span of 150 years. Ellore (the new spelling of Eluru) will become a new district with the same name on April 4, 2022.

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 Keywords

Ellore, Eluru, Town.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Aadhunik pariprekshya me Gandhiji ke vikendrit arthvyavasthaa aadhaarit vicharon kaa bhaugolik vishleshan

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Aadhunik pariprekshya me Gandhiji ke vikendrit arthvyavasthaa aadhaarit vicharon kaa bhaugolik vishleshan

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The advent of 5G technology marks a significant milestone in the evolution of wireless communication, offering unprecedented speed, capacity, and connectivity. This review paper dissects the core architecture of 5G, addresses critical security concerns, and explores its novel applications. We begin by examining the Next-Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN), which leverages millimeter wave communications, massive MIMO, and advanced channel coding and modulation techniques to enhance data rates and connectivity. The 5G Core Network (5GC) is highlighted for its service-based architecture, network slicing, and the separation of control and user planes, which collectively contribute to greater network flexibility and scalability. The roles of Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) in providing dynamic resource allocation and centralized network control are also discussed. Security concerns inherent to 5G, such as network slicing security, user privacy, authentication, and secure communication, are critically evaluated, underscoring the need for robust security measures and compliance with data protection regulations. The paper then delves into the transformative applications enabled by 5G, including Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) for high-speed internet and multimedia services, Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) for applications like remote surgery and industrial automation, and Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) supporting IoT and smart city initiatives. Emerging trends and future directions, such as the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and edge computing, standardization efforts, spectrum management, and energy efficiency, are explored to provide insights into the ongoing evolution of 5G technology. The paper concludes by summarizing key findings, identifying open challenges, and discussing the potential long-term impact of 5G on various sectors and society as a whole. This comprehensive review aims to provide a clear understanding of 5G technology, its current state, and future possibilities.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

5G Technology, Next-Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN), 5G Core Network (5GC), Network Slicing, Network Function Virtualization (NFV)

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

For a given sequential data such as stock market prices or streaming stories in a newswire, we might be interested in when these data change in some way, such as a stock price falling or the document topics shifting. This abrupt change can cause shift in sequence and divide the sequence into two parts. For example If n items are put to test their lives then their lives will be x_1,x_2,.....,x_n. If there is one break in sequence, then sequence is divided into two parts. Suppose the change occurs at point mth, the sequence will be x_1,x_2,.....,x_m. and x_m,x_2,.....,x_(n+1). If we view our data as observations from a generative process, then we care about when the generative parameters change. Now the problem is how to detect and estimate the break point. For a given sequential data such as stock market prices or streaming stories in a newswire, we might be interested in when these data change in some way, such as a stock price falling or the document topics shifting. The goal of this paper is to explain a technical report on Bayesian changepoint detection and estimation by applying the Bayesian preliminary test estimation(BPTE) method in my research work, and to work through the framework and code for a Weibull model.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Change-point analysis, abrupt change, CUSUM control Chart, Bayesian Estimation, Preliminary test estimator, SELF.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The main aim of this research is to assess how the integration of AI in IoT applications is significant to the technological and business. The rapid and widespread deployment of IoT gadgets has given birth to a brand-new era of data creation and processing, that brings with it a set of opportunities as well as hurdles. To fully exploit the potential of the Internet of Things (IoT), intelligent, real-time handling of data at the network's edge is increasingly becoming necessary. This article investigates the design and establishment of edge computing solutions enabled by AI that are built to cope with the demands posed by smart IoT apps [1]. This analysis revolves around integrating artificial intelligence techniques into edge gadgets allowing for real-time data analysis, decision-making along better use of resources. This revolves around discussing key elements within our AI-fueled framework encompassing edge devices, and AI algorithms alongside communication protocols [1]. Moreover, we bring forth advantages tied to implementing AI technology at the network's edge like reduced latency rates and heightened security levels alongside enhanced privacy protection for IoT applications. To showcase practicality linked with our approach, we showcase study cases across various sectors that employ smart IoT systems such as urban development initiatives or healthcare projects.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

IoT, edge computing, IoT, cloud computing, cloud computing, IoT cloud platforms,algorithms

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition