Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

This paper presents the design and simulation of a 16-bit Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) using an R-2R ladder architecture implemented in TSMC 130nm CMOS technology. The DAC employs a two-stage operational amplifier for current-to-voltage conversion. The design is simulated using Cadence Virtuoso, and key performance parameters such as resolution and transient response are analyzed. The results demonstrate correct functionality while overcoming limitations due to mismatch and non-ideal effects.

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DAC, R-2R ladder, CMOS, 16-bit, Operational Amplifier, Mixed-Signal Design

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Background: Transgenders are individuals whose gender identity differs from sex they were assigned at birth. Transgenders experience high levels of discrimination in health care, partly due to health care provider's knowledge, attitude and practices. Materials and Methods: A descriptive research study was conducted among 101 registered nurses working at AIMSR-GGH, Chittoor Dist. (A.P), India and selected through purposive sampling technique. The data were collected online by administering demographic data tool and self-structured questionnaire tool to explore the nurses' knowledge, attitude and practice regarding transgenders health care. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean & standard deviation were used to analyse demographic variables and the inferential statistics such as Chi-square test were used to find association between knowledge, attitude and practice towards healthcare needs of transgenders among nurses with selected demographic variables. Results: The study findings revealed that, majority of Nurses were in the age group of < 30 years ( 54, 53.5%), females (100, 99%), with B.Sc. Nursing qualification (51, 50%), married (78, 77%), working as a Nursing Officer (78, 77%), having an experience of > 6 years in nursing service (40, 40%), not attended any classes on transgenders and their issues during their academic life (73, 72%) and not knowing any transgenders personally (86, 85%). The study also showed that, majority of nurses had inadequate knowledge (56, 55%), positive attitude (86, 85%) and average level of practice in transgenders health care (55, 54%). Statistically significant association was found between area of residence, current designation, and with the level of Knowledge, Attitude & Practice in transgenders health care among nurses (p = < 0.05). Conclusion: Nurses in this study perceive gaps in their knowledge, attitude and practices that hinder their ability to deliver quality, patient-centred care to transgenders, despite their best intentions.

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Keywords: Transgenders, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Health care needs.

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Digital transformation has become a necessity in the more interconnected global economy of today, where operational efficiency, gaining a competitive edge, and driving innovation have become the driving forces behind the growth and advancement of modern corporate organisations. Despite the fact that technologies such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence ( AI ), the Internet of Things ( IoT ), and big data analytics offer unprecedented opportunities to expand business activities, they are associated with a broad spectrum of cybersecurity threats that need to be carefully planned and properly managed in terms of risk. This paper examines the interplay between digital transformation and cybersecurity in the business environment, considering the key risk factors, organizational governance, and obstacles to the implementation process. This article provides evidence-based recommendations to organisations that are in the process of digital transformation but are keen on strong security practices. According to the research, successful digital transformation is not only a matter of technology, but also requires the implementation of security at all stages of the process, supported by an appropriate governance structure, qualified personnel, and alignment of organisational culture. When companies make cybersecurity a key component of their digital strategy rather than an appendix, they achieve better outcomes in terms of innovation and risk management.

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cyber securtiy data privacy cyber governanace information security

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Cryptocurrencies have evolved from a niche technological innovation into a significant component of the global financial system. Initiated by Bitcoin in 2009, and later expanded through platforms like Ethereum, these decentralized digital assets operate on blockchain technology, enabling secure, transparent, and peer-to-peer transactions without reliance on central authorities. This study examines the economic impact of cryptocurrencies, focusing on their role in promoting financial inclusion, driving investment, and fostering technological innovation, while also highlighting risks such as market volatility, regulatory uncertainty, and threats to monetary stability. The paper further explores the regulatory challenges faced by governments and financial institutions worldwide, as they attempt to balance innovation with investor protection and financial security. A comparative analysis of regulatory approaches in major economies--including the United States, India, China, and the European Union--reveals significant inconsistencies and policy gaps. Using a qualitative, descriptive methodology based on secondary data sources, this study identifies how fragmented regulatory frameworks and lack of global coordination hinder the sustainable growth of the cryptocurrency ecosystem. The findings suggest that a flexible, transparent, and internationally coordinated regulatory approach is essential to maximize the benefits of cryptocurrencies while minimizing associated risks. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for adaptive policy frameworks that can keep pace with the rapidly evolving digital financial landscape.

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Cryptocurrency; Blockchain Technology; Financial Innovation; Economic Impact; Digital Assets; Market Volatility; Regulatory Framework; Financial Inclusion; Decentralization; Monetary Policy; Decentralized Finance; Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)

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The automotive industry is one of the largest contributors to global resource consumption, carbon emissions, and waste generation, necessitating a fundamental shift in design and production philosophies. This paper examines the integration of circular economy (CE) principles into automotive design as a pathway toward sustainable vehicle production. Through a comprehensive literature review spanning 35 peer-reviewed studies, combined with qualitative and quantitative research methodologies including industry interviews, surveys, and life cycle assessment (LCA) frameworks, this study evaluates the feasibility and impact of CE-based strategies across the full vehicle lifecycle. Key areas of investigation include material recycling and reuse, design for disassembly (DfD), modular vehicle architecture, sustainable manufacturing technologies, end-of-life vehicle (ELV) management, and the development of sustainable battery solutions for electric vehicles. The study identifies critical research gaps in standardised recycling processes, scalable closed-loop supply chains, and economic models supporting circular transition. Findings suggest that embedding CE principles from the design phase significantly reduces raw material dependency, minimises waste generation, and lowers lifecycle carbon emissions -- delivering a 34.5% reduction in global warming potential under the circular model -- while simultaneously offering economic benefits through resource efficiency and remanufacturing. Policy recommendations and industry collaboration frameworks are proposed to accelerate the adoption of circular practices. This research contributes a structured boundary condition framework and actionable guidelines for automotive manufacturers, policymakers, and sustainability practitioners committed to transitioning toward a fully circular automotive ecosystem.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This study examines whether retelling myth actively contributes to cultural evolution or merely reproduces the same narratives again. It argues that myth persists because the flexibility in its structure rather than its preservation. The study focuses on two cases - the Ramayana and the Varaha avatar within Vaishnava mythology. Drawing from comparative myth analysis and A.K. Ramanujan's framework of "tellings", the study shows that narrative and ontological variability are inherent features of mythic continuity. The Ramayana illustrates a continuing shift in narratives depending on region, devotion, performance, and ideology. For example, Rama's gradual divinization, and the shift to a symbol of morality, can be seen from ancient texts to tribal, vernacular, and sectarian texts. A similar examination of the Varaha avatar reveals ontological fluidity. The Varaha avatar takes many iconographic forms, such as zoomorphic, anthropomorphic, and Yajna forms, while maintaining a cosmological significance of destabilization, descent, correction, and restoration. In the initial Vedic texts, the Varaha form takes a more cohesive religious connotation. Building on these findings, the study introduces a speculative reinterpretation of Varaha - The Deep Foundation - as a conceptual test of the adaptability of myths. This reimagining stretches the structure of Varaha to include a higher-dimensional infrastructural ontology. It maintains cosmological functionality of the original myth but removes the anthropocentric aspects. Critical evaluation of the reimagining demonstrates that identity of a myth remains intact even with radical reinterpretations. The results suggest that retelling functions as cultural production, and not distortion. Mythic identity uncovers underlying potential meanings when reinterpreted with coherent cosmologies. In fact, reinterpretation does not undermine tradition; it emphasises the depth and strength of mythic systems.

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Myth Retelling, Cultural Evolution, Ontology, Cultural Function, Cultural Production, Cosmology, Iconography, Texts, Eldritch Horror, Cosmic Horror

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The present study investigates the determinants of social learning among university students in Lucknow, with specific reference to their academic stream and economic status. A sample of 200 students was selected from various universities using an appropriate sampling technique. The study aimed to examine whether differences in social learning exist across study streams (such as arts and sciences) and across varying economic backgrounds. Data were collected using a self-made social learning scale and analysed using appropriate statistical techniques. The findings revealed a significant difference in social learning among students with respect to both academic stream and economic status. Students from different streams exhibited varying levels of transformative, associative and learning through artificial intelligence, while economic status also influenced access to learning resources and social exposure. The study highlights the importance of socio-academic factors in shaping social learning and suggests the need for inclusive educational practices.

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Social Learning, Economic Status, Academic Stream

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In the vibrant tapestry of Indian spirituality the oral narratives of Bulleh Shah and Guru Nanak Dev have been a guiding force which flourished as tales of unity, love and divine connection. Over time traditional stories shift from oral to written mode. Despite that oral narrative presents a wholesome picture of the social acceptance, rejection and reaction to the sufi Philosophy in the region of Punjab. Focusing on Bulleh Shah and Guru Nanak Dev's twin message of loving relation between devotee and God and emphasized on individual's devotion and worship of God rather than orthodox practices of elaborate sacrifices. Bhakti and Sufi movements sprung as socio religious movements which got popularity from their oral tradition. In the oral recitation of these spiritual Narratives, communities find a sense of belonging and cultural unity. The amalgamation of spirituality, oral narrative of Sufi-mysticism become a conduit for embracing a connection to cultural and spiritual roots. Oral narrative of these two act as a living tradition resonating through the voice of those who continue to adapt their verse. This paper will focus on exploring the profound oral tradition emphasizing their specific relevance in the context of contemporary India spirituality and wisdom.The objectives here are to look into the traces of oral narrative within the selected spiritual verse of Bulleh Shah and Guru Nanak Dev. It will throw light on how their narratives serve as a spiritual guidance cultural unity in the diverse and dynamic setting of India.

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Keywords: Oral narratives, Sufi-mystics, Spiritual wisdom, Punjab,Bulleh Shah, Guru Nanak Dev

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o Purpose of the study - To examine financial literacy in India with respect to socio-economic factors and to identify the reasons for variations (low or high) in financial literacy through a comparative analysis of these factors. o Research Methodology - The present study is based on secondary data. It utilizes data published in the 2019 report by the NCFE (National Centre for Financial Education). Additionally, the study employs analytical methods based on reference literature o Conclusions - he study found that financial literacy in rural India is lower than in urban India. The main reason is that many rural communities lack access to financial education. It was also observed that women have lower financial literacy compared to men in India. This is due to various educational and social barriers that make it difficult for women to acquire financial knowledge. In terms of social class, the general caste shows the highest level of financial literacy, while the scheduled caste shows the lowest. This difference exists because of unequal access to education and financial awareness due to the social structure. According to age, the 18-29 age group has higher financial literacy, whereas the 70-80 age group has the lowest. This is because younger people can easily understand modern technology and financial systems, while older people may find it difficult to adapt. Education also plays an important role. People with higher education levels have better financial literacy. When comparing occupations, government employees have the highest financial literacy, as they are more likely to receive training from financial institutions. On the other hand, people working in the agricultural sector have the lowest financial literacy. Finally, financial literacy is lower among low-income groups due to limited access to financial resources and information.

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Financial Literacy, Socio-Economic Factors

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Traditional Home Remedies, Herbs, Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition