Volume 13 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

As sequencing of DNA technologies have evolved across multiple generations, the science of genomics has undergone a major revolution. Starting from earliest first-generation Sanger method sequencing to the emergence of second- and third-generation approaches, this account traces the course that culminated in the innovative development of nanopore sequencing. With each generation, the speed, read length, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness improved. A salient characteristic of nanopore sequencing is its real-time, direct reading of long DNA or RNA strands without needing to tag or amplify them. The portability, simplicity, and flexibility of the technology have made possible applications across a range of fields, such as clinical diagnostics, infectious disease surveillance, agriculture, forensic studies, and personalized medicine. The underlying operation of solid-state and biological nanopores is also explored within this book, with a focus placed on their utilization within modern sequencing platforms. The review also includes advances that aid us in understanding genomic complexity better, such as RNA-seq, single-cell analysis, and long-read and short-read sequencing. Genomics is becoming increasingly accessible, effective, and impactful with the application of nanopore technology, opening the way for revolutionary discoveries in the areas of health, the environment, and more.

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 Keywords

DNA sequencing, Genomics, Nanopores, RNA sequencing, Cell analysis

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Abstract Smriti Kashyap, Subekcha Prasad There is a growing emphasis on the role of independent directors in discussions on corporate governance in India. The institution of independent directors (IDs) has evolved from being a policy recommendation in the Kumar Mangalam Birla Committee Report (1999) to a mandatory institution under the Companies Act, 2013 and the SEBI LODR Regulations. But persistent structural, legal, and cultural barriers limit their impact. This article examines the development of independent directorship in India from a doctrinal and evaluative perspective. It includes important committee reports, legislative developments, and regulatory changes such as the 2021 and 2025 amendments to SEBI (LODR) Regulations. It further considers fundamental issues like tokenism in the boardroom, information asymmetry and legal liability in terms of Section 149(12). Recent case laws such as Tata-Mistry, IL&FS, Dish TV language is used to drive home the point on GIMP failures in actual practice. Comparative perspectives from the UK, USA and OECD benchmarks help to position India in a global perspective. The paper concludes by envisioning routes for cultural, legal, and institutional change.

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Independent Directors, Corporate Governance, SEBI LODR 2025, Legal Liability, Boardroom Reform

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This paper examined the complex and interconnected factors that influenced work-life balance (WLB) among married women teachers in secondary schools in Varanasi. It highlighted the unique challenges they faced at the intersection of professional duties and personal responsibilities within a socio-cultural context shaped by traditional gender norms and societal expectations. The study explored how family dynamics--such as the level of support, division of domestic labor, and childcare demands--affected their ability to maintain balance. It also assessed workplace conditions, including institutional policies, school culture, and administrative support, which either alleviated or intensified the strain. Additionally, personal attributes like time-management skills, resilience, and coping strategies were considered. By integrating these dimensions, the research provided a comprehensive understanding of WLB and offered evidence-based recommendations for gender-sensitive policies and institutional reforms to enhance the well-being and job satisfaction of women educators.

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Work life Balance, secondary school women teachers, factors.

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Clinical trials are used in the pharmaceutical industry to ensure the safety and efficacy of products, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration oversees the approval process. To improve patient safety and lower safety-related withdrawals, pharmacovigilance is crucial. In order to guarantee the safety and effectiveness of Ayurveda, the Indian government launched a program similar to the International Drug Monitoring program, which was founded by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1961. India is home to 55 postgraduate institutions and 196 undergraduate schools.

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Pharmacovigilance in ayurvedic medicine system

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This comparative study examines the historical personhood of Gautama Buddha of India and Jesus of Nazareth of Israel, analyzing their lives, teachings and historical contexts. Both figures profoundly influenced global religious and philosophical traditions, with Buddhism and Christianity emerging as dominant spiritual and ethical systems. Despite differences in their geographic and cultural settings, Buddha (c. 563-483 BCE) and Jesus (c. 4 BCE-30 CE) share common themes in their life narratives, including miraculous births, discipleship, moral teachings and the transformation of societies. Buddha, originally Prince Siddhartha Gautama of the Shakya clan, renounced his royal life in search of enlightenment. His teachings, emphasizing the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, provided a systematic approach to ending suffering through self-realization and ethical conduct. His enlightenment under the Bodhi tree marked the foundation of Buddhism, which later spread across Asia. The historical sources for Buddha's life come primarily from Buddhist scriptures such as the Tripitaka, which were written centuries after his passing. Jesus of Nazareth, central to Christianity, was a Jewish preacher in first-century Roman-occupied Judea. His teachings, centered on love, compassion and salvation, challenged religious and political authorities. His crucifixion and subsequent resurrection, as recorded in the New Testament, laid the foundation for Christian theology. Unlike Buddhist texts, the Gospels were written within a few decades of Jesus' death, making his historical footprint more immediate but still debated by scholars. Both figures engaged in reformist movements against rigid religious practices of their time--Buddha received enlightenment, while Jesus confronted Pharisaic Judaism. Their followers systematized their teachings into religious doctrines, leading to the institutionalization of Buddhism and Christianity. Over time, their historical identities merged with theological interpretations, making it difficult to separate fact from legend. The study utilizes comparative historiography, textual analysis and archaeological evidence to assess the veracity of their historical records. It also explores their influences on ethical thought, non-violence and global civilization. Buddha's path was based on self-liberation through meditation and wisdom, Jesus' message emphasized faith, divine grace and redemption. The analysis concludes that, although their life trajectories and religious impacts differ, both figures remain foundational to human spiritual evolution.

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Gautama Buddha, Jesus of Nazareth, Historical Personhood, Comparative Religion, Buddhism, Christianity, Enlightenment, Salvation, Ethical Teachings, Religious Reform, Spiritual Legacy, Discipleship, Textual Analysis, Archaeological Evidence, Global Influence.

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Monkeypox a viral zoonosis, is a disease caused by the monkeypox virus. The first case of Monkeypox occurred in a 9-month-old child in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970. In this review the overall information about monkeypox disease, their causes, symptoms, treatment and comparison between monkeypox and smallpox was studied.

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Transmission, Monkeypox, Treatment, Vaccine

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The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is transforming industrial operations by embedding intelligent sensors and devices into systems, generating large volumes of data that drive operational improvements. While cloud computing has traditionally been employed for data processing, its drawbacks--such as latency, limited bandwidth, and security concerns--create challenges for time-sensitive industrial tasks. Edge computing overcomes these limitations by processing data near its source, which reduces latency and supports quicker decision-making. This paper examines the role of edge computing within IIoT ecosystems, focusing on how it can enhance operational efficiency, improve predictive maintenance, and enable smarter automation. We explore the key architectural elements of edge computing, the advantages it brings to IIoT, and the challenges it faces in terms of hardware limitations, security vulnerabilities, and interoperability issues. Additionally, we discuss emerging trends like federated learning, digital twins, and autonomous edge systems, exploring their potential to influence the future of industrial computing. The paper concludes by underlining the significant role of edge computing in transforming industrial infrastructures, providing a platform for more resilient, intelligent, and scalable IIoT systems.

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Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Edge Intelligence, Edge Computing, Smart Manufacturing, Industrial Automation, Real-time Data Processing, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Predictive Maintenance, Low Latency, Distributed Systems, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Federated Learning Algorithms, Suitability, Situations, Applications, Networking

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Existential anxiety, which stems from an awareness of life's uncertainties like death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness, is a key focus in psychological research. While distressing, existential anxiety also serves as a motivator for individuals to seek meaning in their lives. Psychological literature highlights two key dimensions of meaning in life: presence of meaning, the perception that one's life has purpose and coherence, and search for meaning, the active exploration of life's significance. Research suggests that the presence of meaning is associated with psychological well-being, resilience, and lower distress, whereas the search for meaning can either facilitate personal growth or lead to existential distress, depending on how it is pursued. This dissertation examines the relationship between existential anxiety and meaning in life through psychological frameworks such as Viktor Frankl's logotherapy, self-determination theory, and terror management theory. By analyzing how individuals experience and search for meaning, this study aims to provide insights into the role of meaning in coping with existential concerns and its implications for mental well-being.

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"Gender Perspectives on Existential Anxiety and Meaning in Life in Young Adults"

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Hair plays a vital role in protecting the scalp and is an essential aspect of human appearance. Hair conditioner is a hair care formulation applied after shampooing, targeting the hair strands and tips to enhance their condition, and is then rinsed off. It helps improve hair manageability and imparts a shiny, healthy appearance. The primary goal of using a conditioner is to minimize friction between hair strands, making combing and styling easier. This study focused on developing an effective hair care formulation that aligns with consumer preferences and evaluating its performance. Three types of conditioners were created: Herbal Hair Conditioner, Synthetic Hair Conditioner, and Ayurvedic Hair Conditioner. The Herbal Conditioner featured rosemary as the key ingredient, while the Ayurvedic formulation included flaxseed, rice, and fenugreek seeds. These conditioner formulations were assessed based on their sensory (organoleptic) characteristics and various physicochemical properties, including pH, Dirt Dispersion Test, Cleaning Ability, and Stability.

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Herbal Hair Conditioner, Synthetic Hair Conditioner, Ayurvedic Hair Conditioner, Organoleptic Evaluation, Physicochemical Analysis, Stability Assessment.

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In the connected digital world of today, protecting these networked systems is essential. To ensure the integrity of data transmission over the internet and stop fraud or illegal access, it is essential to identify abnormalities in network behaviour. By spotting malicious attacks in network traffic, intrusion detection systems (IDS) play a critical role in network security. There is no thorough study on anomaly detection utilizing four types of ML models under various network environments, despite the fact that ML techniques have been employed in a variety of fields to address security challenges. The majority of surveys only addressed one form of network (supervised learning).Therefore, we outline in this paper how anomaly detection can be accomplished by unsupervised learning (Support vector machine, k-means clustering technique, NDM) and the current solutions in computer networks, cellular networks, SDN, IoT, and cloud networks. The accuracy of this algorithm is between 94 and 98 percent when compared to supervised learning methods. Additionally, we provide the unsupervised detection approach, which is generally suggested without mentioning the type of network. Experimentally corrected datasets are used to confirm these solutions.

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Machine learning, anomaly detection, WireShark, network security, Data Mining, K-means clustering, Computer Network,

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