Volume 14 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

Cyber security has become a significant challenge in the digital era due to the rapid development of cloud computing, internet technologies, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. This study offers a comprehensive review of a variety of cybersecurity threats and preventative measures. It covers traditional approaches as well as modern ones like those utilizing blockchain, deep learning (DL), and machine learning (ML). Furthermore, this study identifies important research gaps and proposes a multi-layered cyber defense mechanism for the purpose of identifying and mitigating threats in real time.

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 Keywords

Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Intrusion Detection, Malware, Phishing, Machine Learning, Cybersecurity

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Infrastructure plays a pivotal role in fostering entrepreneurial activities and sustaining vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystems. infrastructure supports entrepreneurship by providing the physical, digital, financial, social, and policy foundations necessary for businesses to thrive. By investing in infrastructure development and creating conducive environments for entrepreneurial activities, policymakers, investors, and stakeholders can stimulate economic growth, job creation, and innovation-driven prosperity The aim of this study is to examine the availability of infrastructural facilities that support entrepreneurship in Uttarakhand. The research is based on descriptive and exploratory research. The data was collected from 190 women entrepreneurs. Snow ball sampling techniques have been used by the researcher to collect the data from the respondents. This study is based on primary as well as secondary data. The One of the biggest obstacles facing female entrepreneurs is the absence of markets in hilly locations, inadequate internet speed, power outages, and road access. The majority of respondents have two to four hours of piped water available to them, but they do not have consistent access to water, which might result in insufficient supplies for daily needs, agriculture, and animals. Additionally, healthcare facilities are not within a 5-to 10-kilometer radius, and businesses, especially those in rural locations, suffer from slow internet connectivity and speed.

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 Keywords

: Infrastructure, Entrepreneurship, economic growth, job creation, Descriptive and Exploratory research

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 Abstract

The gig economy is developed as a major labor market structure that has emerged rapidly in the post-pandemic era. It is a market that offers flexible, task-based employment through digital platforms, including Uber, Swiggy, Upwork, and Fiverr. For the people who are going through unemployment phase, gig work is frequently observed the very next step to regain income and pull us back in the economic cycle. However, most of the existing studies highlight only the aspect of short- term financial relief and thus fail to completely understand the extent to which gig employment ensures long-term stability. The present study tries to fill this gap by focusing gig work as a transitional stage in the unemployment-to-stability pathway. The study uses netnography and follows a qualitative exploratory method aligning with the constructivist paradigm to understand the experiences of gig workers shared in open-access platforms like Reddit, Quora, and personal blogs. The study examined 120 different posts and through thematic analysis identified themes from these posts using Reflexive Thematic Analysis. NVivo 14 was used as software support for coding and theme development. The findings showcase that gig work is often integral to one's adaptive coping strategies in situations of economic turmoil, and psychological resilience and continuity of income are facing the same consequences. However, the type of stability at which they do arrive is mostly partial and, Moreover, fragile since it is identified by factors such as unstable income, lack of social security, and work availability controlled by algorithms. As the researchers mentioned in their article, though such work might serve as a temporary buffer, the capacity to provide sustained economic security for the long term is still questionable. Thus, they highlight the need for policy frameworks that give more protection, benefits, and access to formal employment for workers.

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 Keywords

Gig economy, unemployment, digital labor platforms, job stability, thematic analysis, platform work.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Generative AI, Ethical HRM, Data Privacy, Algorithmic Bias, Transparency, Trust, AI Governance, Empirical Study

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This study aims to analyze the correlation between happiness and emotional well-being in middle-aged women from India. The theoretical basis of the current research is the approach of positive psychology that comprises hedonism and eudaimonia dimensions. Also, the paper addresses the role of different psychosocial and physical factors such as marital satisfaction, coping skills, social support, and menopause symptoms.This study employs a quantitative methodology, and data have been gathered from 86 middle-aged women in the age group of 35-59 years through a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis have been performed using R software.The results showed that there were moderate to high levels of happiness and emotional well-being amongst the participants. A strong positive correlation existed between happiness and emotional well-being, which shows that they are interrelated. Emotional well-being correlated strongly positively with marital satisfaction, coping, and social support, while menopausal symptoms had a strong negative correlation with emotional well-being. There was a significant positive predictive ability of happiness for emotional well-being, and vice versa. Happiness could be positively predicted by emotional well-being, marital satisfaction, and social support, while menopausal symptoms were negatively predictive of happiness. On the other hand, coping strategies did not prove to be a significant predictor of happiness. The study clearly demonstrates the multifaceted nature of the emotional well-being of middle-aged women. Psychological, social, and physiological factors play an important role in influencing women's mental health in middle adulthood.

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 Keywords

Emotional Well-being, Happiness, Marital Satisfaction, Social Support

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The present study examines the relationship between harsh and restrictive childhood disciplinary practices and emotional intelligence in adulthood. A retrospective quantitative research design was employed using a sample of 52 adults aged 40-60 years. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire consisting of a self-developed Childhood Discipline Scale and an adapted version of the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale. Responses were measured using a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation were used for data analysis. The findings revealed a moderate negative correlation (r = -0.38) between harsh childhood discipline and emotional intelligence, indicating that individuals exposed to higher levels of harsh discipline tend to exhibit lower emotional intelligence in adulthood. However, the moderate strength of the relationship suggests the influence of additional factors such as education, life experiences, and resilience. The study highlights the long-term emotional impact of early disciplinary environments and emphasizes the importance of supportive parenting practices.

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 Keywords

Childhood Discipline, Emotional Intelligence, Parenting, Adulthood, Retrospective Study

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This study presents the design and development of a Smart Village Panchayat System aimed at improving the efficiency, transparency, and accessibility of rural governance services. Traditional Panchayat systems rely heavily on manual processes, which often result in delays, lack of accountability, and inefficient communication between citizens and officials. To overcome these challenges, a web-based e-governance platform is proposed that enables citizens to submit complaints, apply for certificates, and track the status of their requests in real time. The system is developed using a microservices architecture with Spring Boot for backend services and Angular for frontend implementation, ensuring scalability and flexibility. It incorporates key features such as automated complaint assignment, role-based access control, centralized data management, and real-time notifications. Additionally, Artificial Intelligence techniques based on Natural Language Processing (NLP) are integrated to perform complaint classification, summarization, and priority prediction, which enhances decision-making and reduces administrative workload. The proposed system significantly improves service delivery by reducing processing time, increasing transparency, and enhancing communication between citizens and Panchayat authorities. The results demonstrate that the system is effective in providing a reliable, scalable, and user-friendly solution for digital rural governance, contributing to the development of smart villages.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

e-Governance, Smart Panchayat System, Microservices Architecture, Natural Language Processing (NLP), Complaint Management, Rural Development

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a serious health issue that affects people worldwide and is a prevalent hematological condition during pregnancy. According to the World Health Organization, anemia during pregnancy is defined as a hemoglobin concentration of less than 11 g/dL. Iron deficiency is the cause of anemia in around 5080% of cases. The iron requirements of pregnancy, which specifically predisposes women to iron deficiency anemia (IDA), are mostly influenced by the increase in maternal blood volume, fetal development, placental development, and blood loss after delivery. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence, aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment options of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women. The findings indicate that the prevalence of pregnancy-related anemia is around 41.8% globally, and the high rates in low- and middle-income nations can be explained by the prevalence of malnutrition, parasite infestations, limited access to healthcare, and socioeconomic limitations. In India, anemia has been a major problem for many pregnant women, especially in rural areas. Hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels play a major role in the diagnosis; nevertheless, therapy options include intravenous iron preparations, oral iron treatment, and preventative supplements. Reducing the issues associated with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in mothers and newborns requires diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and other community health initiatives.

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 Keywords

Iron Deficiency Anemia,Iron Supplementation,Pregnancy,Maternal Health,Serum Ferritin.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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A Study of Market Potential for Biodegradable Food Containers in Shegaon Region examines the growing need for eco-friendly packaging as an alternative to plastic containers. Plastic waste has created serious environmental and health problems, increasing the demand for sustainable solutions. Biodegradable food containers made from natural materials decompose easily and reduce pollution. The study focuses on consumer awareness, acceptance, vendor willingness, and business opportunities in Shegaon. Primary data was collected from 100 respondents, including consumers and food vendors. The findings show positive attitudes toward biodegradable packaging, but high cost and limited availability remain barriers. The study concludes that biodegradable food containers have strong market potential with better awareness, affordable pricing, and proper supply systems.

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Biodegradable Food Containers, Market Potential, Sustainable Packaging, Eco-friendly Packaging, Plastic Waste Reduction, Consumer Awareness, Vendor Perception, Green Business, Shegaon Region, Environmental Sustainability

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The power of arresting a person is exercised by the State that comes under the criminal justice system, is one of the most crucial coercive powers of the state. Such authority is being exercised by the state to maintain the law and public order, to ensure safety of its citizens and to ensure effective enforcement of law but on the other hand it poses a serious threat to individual liberty if exercised arbitrarily by the State. The Section 41 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973 empowers the police officers by the authority to arrest a person without a warrant under special or specified circumstances1 . However, historically when this kind of power is being exercised without any limit it often causes a lot of problems, arguments and controversies. Mostly, this power is being misused, widely at the time of election periods without any valid reason for arrest, abasement in police custody and most importantly the infringement of the fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution of India2 . Through the judicial interpretation of The Hon'ble Supreme Court of India, the arbitrary nature of this power is being checked which prevents the state from misusing this power, thus safeguarding the personal liberty of the individuals. The Hon'ble Supreme Court of India has delivered certain landmark judgements for upholding the fundamental rights of the individuals. Such landmark judgements are Maneka Gandhi v Union of India3 , D.K. Basu v State of West Bengal4 , Arnesh Kumar v State of Bihar 5 and Joginder Kumar v State of Uttar Pradesh6. Henceforth, this Article examines the legal framework of Section 41 of the CrPC and highlights the crucial role of judicial interventions.

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 Keywords

KEYWORDS: Arrest, Criminal Justice System, Public order, Section 41 of CrPC, Personal Liberty, Article 21 of the Constitution of India, The Supreme Court of India.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition