Volume 14 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

Carbon dots (CDs) are emerging zero-dimensional fluorescent carbon nanomaterials that have attracted immense research interest due to their excellent biocompatibility, water solubility, tunable photoluminescence, low toxicity, and chemical stability. In this review, we summarize the green synthesis of carbon dots using oatmeal as a sustainable natural carbon precursor via a simple eco-friendly reflux method. Oatmeal, rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and phenolic compounds, provides an excellent renewable source for carbonization and surface functionalization. The synthesized CDs were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The CDs exhibited strong blue fluorescence, nanoscale particle size, and abundant surface functional groups such as -OH, -COOH, and -NH?. These features make them highly suitable for dermatological and cosmetic applications. Additionally, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities suggest promising applications in skincare and aesthetic formulations. This review highlights recent advancements, characterization strategies, and future prospects of biomass-derived CDs in biomedical and cosmeceutical fields. Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century, and youth are emerging as critical agents of climate action. This review examines youth involvement in climate change mitigation and adaptation, tracing historical roles and current trends, with implications for Thane District in Maharashtra, India. Drawing on global and local assessments, the review highlights how youth participation -- through advocacy, education, community programs, and policy engagement -- has evolved. We also identify future pathways for enhancing youth contributions to climate resilience, including capacity building and institutional support. The findings underscore the urgency of empowering youth as partners in regional climate strategies.

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 Keywords

Climate Change, Youth Engagement, Thane District, Maharashtra, Climate Action, Policy Advocacy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Carbon dots (CDs) are emerging zero-dimensional fluorescent carbon nanomaterials that have attracted immense research interest due to their excellent biocompatibility, water solubility, tunable photoluminescence, low toxicity, and chemical stability. In this review, we summarize the green synthesis of carbon dots using oatmeal as a sustainable natural carbon precursor via a simple eco-friendly reflux method. Oatmeal, rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and phenolic compounds, provides an excellent renewable source for carbonization and surface functionalization. The synthesized CDs were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The CDs exhibited strong blue fluorescence, nanoscale particle size, and abundant surface functional groups such as -OH, -COOH, and -NH?. These features make them highly suitable for dermatological and cosmetic applications. Additionally, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities suggest promising applications in skincare and aesthetic formulations. This review highlights recent advancements, characterization strategies, and future prospects of biomass-derived CDs in biomedical and cosmeceutical fields. Semiconductor-based photocatalysts have emerged as promising materials for the degradation of organic pollutants present in wastewater. Tin dioxide (SnO?), a wide band gap n-type semiconductor, is of particular interest due to its excellent chemical stability, non-toxicity, and high electron mobility. In the present study, SnO? nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method, which offers controlled growth, high crystallinity, and uniform particle size. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-Visible spectroscopy to evaluate their structural, morphological, and optical properties. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of pure tetragonal rutile-phase SnO?, while SEM images revealed nanoscale particles with slight agglomeration. UV-Visible spectral analysis showed strong absorption in the ultraviolet region, with an estimated band gap suitable for photocatalytic applications. The photocatalytic performance of SnO? nanoparticles was assessed through the degradation of organic dye under UV light irradiation. The results demonstrated efficient dye degradation, attributed to high surface area, improved crystallinity, and effective generation of reactive oxygen species. The study confirms that hydrothermally synthesized SnO? nanoparticles are promising photocatalysts for environmental remediation and wastewater treatment applications.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

SnO? nanoparticles; Hydrothermal synthesis; Photocatalysis; Organic dye degradation; Environmental remediation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Sant tradition of Maharashtra represents a unique synthesis of spirituality, social reform, and ethical living deeply rooted in everyday life. Saints such as Sant Dnyaneshwar, Sant Tukaram, Sant Eknath, and Sant Gadge Maharaj conveyed profound messages on environmental harmony, cleanliness, social equality, and respect for nature through simple language and accessible literary forms such as Abhang, Ovi, Bharud, Pasaydan, and Kirtan. This review article explores how the teachings of these Sants contribute to environmental ethics, health and hygiene awareness, and the protection of Mother Earth. By analyzing their philosophical perspectives and practical social initiatives, the paper highlights the relevance of Sant literature and practices in addressing contemporary environmental and public health challenges. The study underscores that the Sant movement offers timeless ecological wisdom promoting sustainable living and collective responsibility toward nature.The Sant tradition of Maharashtra represents a unique synthesis of spirituality, social reform, and ethical living deeply rooted in everyday life. Saints such as Sant Dnyaneshwar, Sant Tukaram, Sant Eknath, and Sant Gadge Maharaj conveyed profound messages on environmental harmony, cleanliness, social equality, and respect for nature through simple language and accessible literary forms such as Abhang, Ovi, Bharud, Pasaydan, and Kirtan. This review article explores how the teachings of these Sants contribute to environmental ethics, health and hygiene awareness, and the protection of Mother Earth. By analyzing their philosophical perspectives and practical social initiatives, the paper highlights the relevance of Sant literature and practices in addressing contemporary environmental and public health challenges. The study underscores that the Sant movement offers timeless ecological wisdom promoting sustainable living and collective responsibility toward nature.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Sant Tradition, Environmental Ethics, Health and Hygiene Awareness, Mother Earth, Maharashtra

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a herbal anti-dandruff shampoo using aqueous extracts of medicinal plant materials. Tridax procumbens leaves were subjected to aqueous extraction to obtain bioactive phytoconstituents known for antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, aqueous extracts of Ritha (Sapindus mukorossi) seeds and Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds were prepared and used as natural surfactant and conditioning agents, respectively. All extracts were qualitatively analyzed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) to confirm the presence of phytochemical constituents. The aqueous extracts were blended in appropriate proportions to formulate a herbal shampoo. The formulated shampoo was evaluated for physicochemical parameters such as pH, viscosity, foaming ability, detergency, and stability. Anti-dandruff activity was assessed against dandruff-causing fungi, while antibacterial studies were carried out against selected pathogenic bacteria. The results demonstrated satisfactory physicochemical properties, effective antimicrobial activity, and significant anti-dandruff potential, suggesting that the formulated herbal shampoo is a safe, eco-friendly, and effective alternative to synthetic anti-dandruff products.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Herbal Shampoo; Anti-dandruff Activity; Tridax procumbens; Sapindus mukorossi; Natural Surfactants

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives represent a versatile and extensively studied class of fused heterocyclic compounds, known for their diverse biological, medicinal, and physicochemical properties. Owing to their structural similarity to purine frameworks, these molecules exhibit excellent bioisosteric compatibility with nucleic acid bases and enzyme cofactors, enabling their involvement in various molecular recognition processes. Over the past decade, the introduction of hydrazinyl, aryl, alkyl, and heteroatom-containing substituents has significantly expanded their chemical diversity, resulting in analogues with enhanced potency, selectivity, and improved drug-like characteristics.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

4-(2-phenylhydrazinyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, 2-Phenylhydrazinyl, Anticancer Activity, structure-activity relationships , Modern synthetic route

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Zinc Recovery; Textile Effluent; Cation Exchange Resin; Heavy Metal Removal; Wastewater Treatment

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The development of sustainable and eco-friendly catalytic systems has become a key focus in modern organic synthesis. Waste eggshells, composed primarily of calcium carbonate, offer a low-cost and renewable source for the preparation of calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs). In the present work, CaO NPs were synthesized via thermal decomposition of waste eggshells and employed as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of five-membered heterocyclic compounds. The catalyst preparation involves cleaning, drying, pulverization, and calcination of eggshells at elevated temperatures. The synthesized CaO nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The catalytic performance of CaO NPs was evaluated in the synthesis of five- and six-membered heterocycles under mild reaction conditions. The heterocyclic products were purified and characterized using IR and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that eggshell-derived CaO nanoparticles exhibit excellent catalytic activity, high reusability, and environmental compatibility, making them promising green catalysts for heterocyclic synthesis.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles; Eggshell Waste; Green Catalyst; Heterocyclic Compounds; Sustainable Synthesis

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Carbon Nanofibers; Castor Oil; Green Synthesis; Nickel Catalyst; CCVD Method

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Sustainable construction minimizes environmental degradation by employing eco-friendly materials that reduce energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and resource depletion while improving building performance. In India, rapid urbanization and infrastructure expansion have heightened the need for sustainable materials such as fly ash bricks, bamboo, recycled aggregates, autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks, and bio-waste-based composites. This review synthesizes current research on these materials, discusses their environmental advantages, mechanical properties, and challenges to adoption in the Indian context, and proposes pathways for wider implementation. The findings indicate that although eco-friendly materials show significant promise in reducing carbon footprints and supporting circular economy principles, further standardization, policy support, and market incentives are required for scalable deployment.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Eco-friendly building materials; Sustainable construction; India; Fly ash bricks; Bamboo; Recycled aggregates

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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There is an excess demand for construction of multi storied buildings due to increasing urbanization and spiraling populations. Seismic load has Ultimate adverse effect on building. Earthquake forces are tremendous as it is unforeseeable in nature and unpredictable, the engineering tools require to be improving for analyzing structures under the action of these forces and to determine seismic reactions over those structures. In this study the seismic response of the structures is investigated under earthquake excitation expressed within the kind of Member Forces, Joint Displacement, Support Reaction, Base Shear and Story Drift. This research is based on Seismic Analysis and Design of G+10 building which is located in zone III & IV. A multi-storied RC framed building with Light weight concrete and conventional concrete is taken for Seismic analysis in different earthquake intensities III and IV according to IS 1893 PART 1 (2016). The analysis results are used to confirm the effect light weight concrete and conventional concrete building in different seismic zones

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

ANALYSS & DESIGN OF MULTI STORY BUILDINGS IN DIFFERENT SEISMIC ZONES

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition