Volume 8 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

Economical load dispatch is process of real power setting on generators with an objective of minimizing fuel cost while satisfying equality and inequality constraints. Economic load dispatch problem is solved by classical manual and computational methods which takes long time to reach optimal solution. In practical there are many generating units so it is requisite to have an optimization method which provides optimal solution in less time. Particle bevy optimization algorithm is applied to economical load dispatch is capable of providing faster response and higher convergence rate.

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 Keywords

particle,economic load

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Concrete is a widely used material in construction that can withstand compressive load, Because of its brittle nature it is susceptible to cracks. Theses cracks in the field of pavement construction leads to ingress of fluids or substances into the lower layer of roads. Thus the leads to failure of cracks within the life of concrete. To avoid and overcome these cracks, need of increase in strength and durability of concrete. Especially in development of flexural strength of concrete. Introduction of bacteria into the concrete mixture works by precipitation of calcium carbonate to fill up the cracks in concrete. In this research, extensive laboratory investigations have been carried out to study the effect of introducing Bacillus Subtilis Bacteria on the mechanical properties of concrete. With addition to this beams of standard specimen for fatigue test were casted and test was conducted for normal and bacterial concrete for the stress ratio 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8. Then the results were compared. The experimental results of Bacterial Induced Concrete Pavement and plain concrete are discussed for M40 Grade of concrete for two type of cement. The results shows that bacterial induced concrete for OPC mix is 18% increase in compressive strength, 13.84 % increase in flexural strength and 11.32% increase in Split tensile strength when compared with normal concrete. The fatigue behaviour is studied and compared with IRC recommendations

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 Keywords

Bacterial concrete, Bacillus subtilis, Flexural fatigue model

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The aim of the study is to compare the haematological parameters of Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus ,1758 ) and Catla catla (Hamilton,1822). Mugil cephalus is a marine fish and Catla catla living in fresh water. The blood parameters RBC, WBC, Hb, haematocrit, MCV, MCH and MCHC are compared between the two species. Higher RBC, Haematocrit and MCV mean value were observed in Mugil cephalus shows the carrying capacity and the activeness is more in comparison with Catla catla. Higher WBC are found in Catla catla with respect to Mugil cephalus. Nearly same Hb are found in both the species. Higher MCH and MCHC are observed in Catla catla with respect to Mugil cephalus.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Mugil cephalus , Catla catla , Marine fish, Fresh water fish , Haematological parameters.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The cause of the �financial lockdown� is the corona virus, it has impacted on recession, rising unemployment, lowering industrial production and profits. The current situation has had a "high to very high" level of impact on the business and therefore the economy is collapsing. At this point the helicopter money as well as Quantitative Easing (QE) is boosting the economy. Helicopter money means printing money to monetize government deficits and stimulate the economy during the recession, everyone views the money used in Quantitative Easing (QE) as helicopter money. Restrictions due to lockdown on commercial activities are seriously affecting global and domestic growth. The GDP rate has already declined and the Covid-19 effect will collapse the commercial sector .More over the GDP rate will fall further which lead to further financial crisis in the future. However, helicopter money can be very useful in the current situation.

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 Keywords

Corona virus, Helicopter money, GDP, Quantitative Easing.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The aim is to avoid the gap between the designed gear and production, which may due to human errors, material quality, etc., by adaptive manufacturing. This includes finding the generalized error equations of a critical part of the gear which is pitch circle for the designed and integrating the equation with workstation and machine with Decision support tool. Initially, gear is designed in designing tools and then manufactured by different processes. Finally, after the product is obtained there are chances of Type-1 or type-2 errors. These errors are discrete and can be formed in a library. With this library, mathematical models are created using different methods, explained in detail further. Now, these models are analyzed and formed different error equations. These equations will give us the idea of how the errors are generating for the particular material and particular dimensions of the gear. The process is much better explained in further.

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 Keywords

Machining, Intelligent machining, Integrated manufacturing, Gear manufacturing

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The small phenolic compound salicylic acid (SA) plays an important regulatory role in multiple physiological processes including plant immune response. The plant recognizes the bacterial pathogen and activates structural and biochemical defences to protect itself. Pathogen infection and recognition occurs in a series of responses. First, plants utilize pattern recognition receptors to recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as flagellin and lipopolysaccharides. In PAMP triggered immunity (PTI), a signal cascade involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, activation of mitogen activated protein-kinases, cell wall fortification and pathogen response (PR) gene transcription. However, pathogens can attenuate the PTI responses by injecting effector proteins into the plant cells to inhibit the basal defense response. In recognition of these effector proteins, plants have evolved to express resistance genes encoding R proteins, which are able to recognize effector proteins and signal a hypersensitive response (HR) and pathogen resistance gene expression. This defense response is called effector triggered immunity (ETI), characteristic of an incompatible response. Plants that do not recognize effector proteins are susceptible and have a compatible reaction with the infecting pathogen. Compatible interaction is characterized by increased bacterial growth, increased levels of hormones such as ethylene and jasmonic acid (JA), and necrotic cell death. Incompatible reaction are characterized by HR involving a decrease in bacterial growth, programmed cell death, an increase in salicylic acid (SA) used to induce PR proteins and systemic acquired resistance(SAR) response. SA is a secondary metabolite produced by a wide range of prokaryotes and eukaryotes including plants. During the past two decades, significant progress has been made in understanding SA metabolism, signalling, and its interaction with other defense mechanisms, especially hormones. SA is predominantly associated with resistance against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens, and triggering SAR. Exogeneous application of SA induces SAR in plants, resulting in resistance to certain pathogens. Conversely, plants expressing the bacterial NahG (encoding salicylate hydroxylase) , which converts SA to catechol , are more susceptible to several pathogens. Direct evidence for the role of SA in plant defense comes from the identification and characterization of an Arabidopsis isochorismate synthase (ICS) mutant that is defective in SA biosynthesis. There are several studies suggesting that endogeneous SA in plants plays a critical role in pathogenesis by its direct effects on the pathogen. This review focuses on effect of salicylic acid on the pathogenesis of Xanthomonas campestris and its role in inducing SAR responses in the host plants.

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 Keywords

Salicylic Acid, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, exogenous application

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Outlier detection is currently very active area of research in data set mining community. Finding outlier in a collection of patterns is a very well-known problem in the data mining field. An outlier is a pattern which is dissimilar with respect to the rest of the patterns in the dataset. In this paper, I present a survey of outlier detection techniques to reflect the recent advancements in this field. The survey will not only cover the traditional outlier detection methods for static and low dimensional datasets but also for dynamic/streaming and high-dimensional datasets.

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 Keywords

Data Mining, Outlier Detection, Low-dimensional datasets, High-dimensional Datasets

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This project is to develop a wheelchair which can be controlled with hand gesture. Manual movement of standard wheelchair can be difficult for a patient or people with mobility impairment. It also integrates stair climbing mechanism via track system that allows both ascent and decent motion with stability and size not more than any standard wheelchair and with maintaining aesthetics and low cost fabrication of the mechanism. Thus, wheelchair of this kind has been developed to overcome difficulties like application of manual effort for motion and disability of standard wheelchair being able to climb stairs. Wheelchair works with the help of DC motors and battery.

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 Keywords

Wheelchair, MEMS, Hand gesture controlled, Stair-climbing mechanism.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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SARS- CoV-2 is a new virus responsible for an outbreak of respiratory illness known as COVID-19, this epidemic has spread to several countries of the world. The world Health Organization has declared it a public Health Emergency of International concern. This paper is an attempt to understand about history, structure, taxonomy, origin, transmission pattern, symptoms, prevention and control of Coronavirus.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Coronavirus, COVID-19,transmission,infection.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The world has realized that the economic success of the states is directly determined by their education systems. Education is a Nation�s Strength. A developed nation is inevitably an educated nation. Indian higher education system is the third largest in the world, next to the United States and China. Since independence, India as a developing nation is contentiously progressing in the education field. Although there have been lot of challenges to higher education system of India but equally have lot of opportunities to overcome these challenges and to make higher education system much better. It needs greater transparency and accountability, the role of colleges and universities in the new millennium, and emerging scientific research on how people learn is of utmost important. India need well skilled and highly educated people who can drive our economy forward. India provides highly skilled people to other countries therefore; it is very easy for India to transfer our country from a developing nation to a developed nation. The current study aims to highlight the challenges and to point out the opportunities in higher education system in India.

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 Keywords

Higher Education, Opportunities, Challenges, Colleges, Universities

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition