Volume 14 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

The law of evidence plays a crucial role in the administration of justice, as it sets the rules for proving facts in court. One important type of evidence is expert evidence, which is especially useful in cases that involve specialized knowledge, like science, medicine, or technology. Recently, India introduced a new law called the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, which updates the old Indian Evidence Act of 1872. This paper looks at how the new law handles expert evidence, focusing on its scope, reliability, and its judicial evaluation. Using a framework that considers the role of institutions in shaping public policy, this study argues that expert evidence is only effective if the institutions that support it, such as courts, forensic labs, police, and regulatory bodies, are functioning well. The paper also examines how courts use expert opinions, showing that they are often seen as advisory rather than definitive. It highlights current challenges, including inadequate forensic infrastructure, delays in getting expert reports, questionable scientific methods, and judges relying too heavily on specialized evidence. In conclusion, while the new law strengthens the framework for using scientific and digital evidence, its success depends on significant reforms to institutions, professional training, and judges' ability to critically evaluate expert evidence. This is essential to ensure that justice is served and that expert evidence is used effectively in court. The new law is a step in the right direction, but it requires a broader effort to build a durable well-designed system that supports the use of expert evidence in India's justice system.

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 Keywords

Expert Evidence, Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam,2023, Judicial Evaluation, Reliability of Evidence, Forensic Science, Opinion Evidence, Indian Evidence Law, Institutional Model, Digital Evidence, Criminal Justice Reform.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This paper presents a proposed web-based employee performance tracking system designed to improve organizational efficiency and productivity. The system allows administrators to monitor employee activities, evaluate performance, and generate reports in real time. It provides features such as task assignment, progress tracking, attendance management, and performance analysis. The proposed solution is user-friendly, scalable, and helps organizations make data-driven decisions. By digitizing the performance evaluation process, the system reduces manual effort and enhances transparency and accuracy in employee assessment.

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 Keywords

Web-Based System, Employee Performance, Performance Tracking, Web Development, Data Management, Productivity, Monitoring System

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Traditional drug discovery is a costly, time-intensive, and high-risk process, with a single approved therapy requiring over $2.6 billion and more than a decade of research. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force with the potential to fundamentally reshape every stage of the pharmaceutical pipeline -- from target identification and protein structure prediction to molecular design, ADMET profiling, and clinical trial optimisation. This paper presents a comprehensive review of AI applications, techniques, and real-world case studies in drug discovery. We examine core AI methodologies including deep learning, graph neural networks (GNNs), generative models, reinforcement learning, and transformer-based architectures, alongside landmark tools such as DeepMind's AlphaFold 3, Insilico Medicine's GENTRL, and BenevolentAI's knowledge-graph platform. Six structured tables map current limitations, technique comparisons, pipeline stages, real-world deployments, projected metrics, and known challenges. A four-phase experimental roadmap is proposed as a falsifiable path to empirical validation. Despite demonstrated successes, the field faces persistent barriers: data quality, model interpretability, wet-lab integration, and evolving regulatory frameworks. This review concludes that AI's role in drug discovery is transitioning from speculative promise to early clinical validation, and that multimodal foundation models, self-driving laboratories, and physics-informed AI will define the next era of pharmaceutical innovation.

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 Keywords

artificial intelligence, drug discovery, machine learning, deep learning, AlphaFold, generative models, ADMET prediction, graph neural networks, clinical trials, drug repurposing, reinforcement learning

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This study investigates the nutritional potential and functional properties of Fucus vesiculosus, a brown macroalga recognized for its bioactive compounds, including phlorotannins, fucoidan, and fucoxanthin. F. vesiculosus demonstrates significant ecological, pharmaceutical, and industrial relevance, particularly in marine ecosystems and animal nutrition. The research highlights its seasonal ecophysiological variations driven by environmental factors, emphasizing the importance of its nutrient profile, which includes essential amino acids, minerals, and antioxidants beneficial for animal health and growth. The study further explores the hypolipidemic effects of phlorotannin-rich extracts, which have shown promise in improving lipid metabolism and mitigating hyperlipidemia in animal models, thereby potentially reducing atherosclerosis risk. Additionally, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of fucoidan are examined, revealing its role in modulating immune responses and preventing chronic inflammation-related diseases. Despite the limited research on F. vesiculosus in animal nutrition, its unique bioactive profile positions it as a valuable candidate for further exploration. This comprehensive characterization of F. vesiculosus aims to bridge existing gaps in literature and facilitate its empirical application in enhancing animal productivity and health, setting the stage for subsequent in vivo studies.

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Fucus vesiculosus, Fucoidan, Fucoxanthin, Phlorotannins, Anti-cancer activity.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The overwhelming success of molecular engineering in controlling nonlinear optical properties in last decade has prompted better initiative in crystal engineering. In the present study a new inorganic nonlinear optical single crystal has been successfully grown form aqueous solution by the slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The crystals obtained by the above technique were subjected to different characterization analysis. The crystalline nature of the grown crystal was analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study reveals that the crystal belongs to orthorhombic system with non-centrosymmetric space group Pbam. Optical transmission study on crystal shows high transmittance in the entire UV-Vis region and the lower cutoff wavelength is found to be 240 nm. The mechanical strength of the grown crystal was estimated by Vicker's micro hardness test. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the crystal was measured by Kurtz's powder technique infers that the crystal has nonlinear optical (NLO) efficiency 1.32 times that of KDP.The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the compound were measured at different temperature with varying frequencies. Photoconductivity study confirms that the title compound possesses a negative photoconducting nature. Growth mechanism and surface features of the as grown crystals were analyzed by chemical etching analyzing.

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nonlinear optics, XRD, second harmonic generation

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The increasing integration of digital technologies into everyday life has significantly transformed patterns of human interaction, raising concerns regarding their influence on interpersonal relationships and emotional well-being. The present study examines the relationship between digital dependence, interpersonal relationship quality, and loneliness among individuals across different age groups.

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digital dependence, interpersonal relationships, loneliness, emotional well-being, social media use.

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 Abstract

Schiff base have appreciable recognition in literature . It is a part of organic chemistry. It shows nitrogen with double bond in stereochemistry. It belongs to azomethine group with structural formula RHC=NR1. Primary amines and carbonyl compounds react to derived Schiff base from condensation reaction. In 1864 schiff reported this reaction. It attracts the attention in literature. A number of studies represented SP2 hybridized orbital of nitrogen atom with lone pair with electrons. The stable molecule of Schiff base with metal indicates medicinal properties as anticancer , antimicrobial , anti inflammatory and anti fungal properties.

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 Keywords

Schiff base ; Stereochemistry ; Condensation ; Hybridized orbital ; Medicinal properties.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Crop Disease Detection, Deep Learning, EffiecientNetB4, Transfer Learning, PlantVillage Dataset, Image Classification, Precision Agriculture.

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Twentieth-century revival of Buddhism in India was influenced by the contributions of Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan (1905-1988) as a translator, teacher and organizer. In addition to its many other dimension, the Kausalyayan's translations into vernacular languages, his public pedagogy (lectures, travel writing), and his organizational activities had a significant influence on the transformation of Buddhism from being largely a monastic/scholarly tradition to becoming a movement that was accessible, literate, and institutional in nature, especially in the context of post-conversion that followed B.R. Ambedkar's followers. Based on textual analysis of Kausalyayan's published translations and essays, archival bibliographies, and secondary literature on modern Indian Buddhist movements, the paper will show how Kausalyayan's translations functioned as a form of cultural infrastructure in providing the basis for study circles, catechesis, and community formation. The paper concludes with some reflexive thoughts regarding the translational politics of Kausalyayan's translations and recommendations for future reception and comparative studies.

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Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan, Vernacular Translation, Buddhist revival, Tipi?aka, Ambedkarite Buddhism.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Friction plays a critical role in the interaction of skin and fabric. Increasing skin wetness impact on the skin and fabric, resulting in discomfort or skin infections. In this study, fabric will be examined by comparison of the woven fabric, crimp and knitted fabric. Knitted fabric has a non-uniform rough surface compared to other fabrics. Friction and sheer forces acting on the skin under increased moisture and temperature level in sportswear. As the study, result show that knitted fabric are suitable for sportswear according to the performance of the athlectics. After the all research, may be experimenting with another different fabric at another stages of performance for the better future relevant.

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 Keywords

Fricttion, Adhesion, Deformations, Coefficient, Comfortability

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition