Volume 14 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

Agricultural modernization encompasses the adoption of improved technologies, mechanized farm equipment, micro-irrigation systems, high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, and institutional credit mechanisms to enhance farm productivity and farmer income. Kolhapur district of Maharashtra, characterised by fertile black and laterite soils, abundant river networks, and a dominant sugarcane-agro-industrial complex, presents a compelling case for studying the economic impact of modernization at the district level. The district has witnessed a measurable growth in area under cultivation from 250,000 ha in 2018 to 288,000 ha in 2022, while food grain production rose from 1.2 million to 1.58 million tonnes during the same period. Irrigation coverage expanded from 60% to 80%, and aggregate farmer income grew from INR3,500 crore to INR5,500 crore. Sugarcane, the dominant cash crop, demonstrated a yield surge from 27 MT per acre under traditional flood irrigation to 55-60 MT per acre under automated drip irrigation, as documented from the Karbharwadi model village in Karveer taluka. Drawing entirely on secondary data from official Government of Maharashtra records, the NABARD Potential Linked Credit Plan for Kolhapur (2023-24), the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Annual Report (2024-25), and peer-reviewed journal articles, this paper evaluates five dimensions of agricultural modernization: irrigation expansion, mechanization, credit access, crop diversification, and government scheme penetration. The findings affirm a strong positive relationship between technology adoption and farmer income, while identifying persistent structural constraints, including land fragmentation, smallholder credit gaps, and post-harvest infrastructure deficits.

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 Keywords

Agricultural Modernization, Kolhapur District, Farmer Income, Sugarcane, Drip Irrigation, NABARD, Maharashtra, Micro-irrigation, High-Yielding Varieties.

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Jaundice is a caused by increased level of bile pigments, typically bilirubin and its conjugates, characterized by yellow discoloration of eyes and skin. In this article, metabolism of bilirubin, types, causes and patho-physiology of jaundice, clinical symptoms, investigations and management of jaundice with totality of symptoms in homoeopathy giving it a holistic approach has been reviewed.

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 Keywords

Jaundice, Holistic, Homoeopathy, Individualization, Totality of symptoms

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Obesity is a modern lifestyle disease caused due to excessive accumulation of fat in the body occurs when BMI is >= 25 in a person according to his/her age, sex, height, weight, or often considered as an important risk factor for the development of diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension. Obesity is a major health concern because of its increasing prevalence. This article describes causes clinical classification, types complications, management of obesity along with review of homoeopathic medicines indicated for obesity,

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Obesity, Fat metabolism, Homoeopathic Medicines, Non - Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

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ABSTRACT Background: Chronic bronchitis is a major component of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and is strongly associated with long-term smoking. Smoking cessation is the most effective intervention to slow disease progression. However, knowledge and attitude toward smoking cessation among patients remain inadequate in many settings. Objectives: 1. To assess the knowledge regarding smoking cessation among chronic bronchitis patients. 2. To assess the attitude toward smoking cessation among chronic bronchitis patients. 3. To determine the association between knowledge and attitude scores with selected demographic variables. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 chronic bronchitis patients in selected hospitals of Indore, Madhya Pradesh. A structured knowledge questionnaire and Likert attitude scale were used. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The findings revealed that 58% of patients had moderate knowledge, 28% had inadequate knowledge, and 14% had adequate knowledge. Regarding attitude, 62% showed a favorable attitude, 25% moderately favorable, and 13% unfavorable attitude. A significant association was found between knowledge and education level (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The study concludes that although patients have a moderately favorable attitude toward smoking cessation, knowledge levels remain insufficient. Structured educational interventions are recommended.

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Keywords: Chronic bronchitis, Smoking cessation, Knowledge, Attitude, COPD

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Background: Pittaj Mukhapaka is a commonly encountered inflammatory and ulcerative condition of the oral cavity, characterized by burning sensation, pain, altered taste, and ulceration. Ayurveda describes it as a Pittaja Nanatmaja and Rakta Pradoshaja Vikara. Although several Ayurvedic formulations and local therapies have been studied for Mukhapaka, limited evidence exists comparing classical Ayurvedic Gandusha therapy with standard modern topical agents. Objective: To evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy of Triphaladi Kashaya Gandusha and Tannic Acid-Choline Salicylate Gel local application in the management of Pittaj Mukhapaka. Methodology: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 patients diagnosed with Pittaj Mukhapaka, divided equally into two groups. Group A received Triphaladi Kashaya Gandusha, while Group B received Tannic Acid- Choline Salicylate Gel for 5 days. Assessment was done using subjective and objective parameters on Day 1, Day 3, and Day 5. Statistical analysis was performed using paired and unpaired tests. Results: - Both groups showed statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) in all parameters. Group A demonstrated higher percentage relief in Asya Daha, Asya Ruja, Asya Vairasya, and number of Vrana compared to Group B. Conclusion: Triphaladi Kashaya Gandusha showed superior clinical efficacy compared to Tannic Acid-Choline Salicylate Gel in the management of Pittaj Mukhapaka, with no adverse effects observed.

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 Keywords

Gandusha; Oral ulcers; Pittaj Mukhapaka; Triphaladi Kashaya.

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A Product Rating System plays a crucial role in helping users make informed purchasing decisions in modern e-commerce platforms. Traditional rating systems often rely on simple averaging methods, which fail to capture complex user preferences and product characteristics

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Product Rating System, Deep Learning, Recommendation System, Sentiment Analysis, Rating Prediction

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Keywords: Chronic bronchitis, educational intervention, self-care, prevention, adults.

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The rapid evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and mobile technologies has significantly reshaped the dynamics of English communication and language education. This research paper examines how digital environments are transforming linguistic practices, learning methodologies, and cultural frameworks associated with English. The study moves beyond the conventional perspective of technology as a neutral tool and instead conceptualizes it as an active force that influences communication patterns and educational structures. Using a qualitative and interpretive approach, the study explores key developments such as multimodal communication, AI-driven learning platforms, and smartphone-based linguistic interactions. These innovations have enhanced accessibility, flexibility, and learner autonomy, enabling users to engage with English beyond traditional classroom settings. However, the research also highlights critical concerns, including the decline of formal language structures, overdependence on automated systems, and reduced engagement with deep reading and analytical writing. The findings suggest that English is increasingly becoming a flexible, context-driven language shaped by digital interactions and global cultural exchanges. The study concludes that educational systems must adopt a balanced approach that integrates technological advancements while preserving critical thinking, linguistic accuracy, and cultural diversity. Such an approach is essential to ensure meaningful and sustainable language learning in the digital age.

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Digital Communication, Artificial Intelligence, English Language Learning, Mobile Learning, Cultural Transformation, Linguistic Practices

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Fly Ash, Steel Fiber, Compressive Strength, Sustainable Concrete.

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Offline signature verification is an effective biometric authentication method with widespread applications in areas including finance, law, and security. However, because of variations in the way that each person writes, as well as the existence of highly skilled forgeries, distinguishing real from false signatures can be very difficult. As a result, a number of researchers have proposed various methods for investigating the validity of signatures by applying principles of image processing and machine learning. Typically, researchers will preprocess the image of the signature, extract features related to it, and then classify these features to determine if a signature is either real or false. Historically, researchers have used many different methods to accomplish signature verification, including Support Vector Machines, Artificial Neural Networks, Hidden Markov Models, and Dynamic Time Warping, as well as more recently developing sophisticated detection models using deep learning architectures like Convolutional Neural Networks to improve accuracy. The purpose of this paper is to provide a survey of the current methods for offline signature verification to detail the advantages and disadvantages of each method. In addition, by comparing the strengths and weaknesses of their methodologies, researchers and practitioners can gain insight into what types of improvements can be made to signature verification systems in order to enhance their accuracy and dependability.

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 Keywords

Signature verification, Forgery detection, Biometrics, Image processing, Machine learning.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition