Volume 14 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

Urban parking inefficiency remains one of the most persistent challenges in modern cities, driving traffic congestion, fuel wastage, rising emissions, and daily frustration for millions of drivers. Earlier research established the socio-economic cost of poor parking management and explored solutions ranging from camera-based detection and IoT sensor networks to edge computing and deep learning models -- each addressing parts of the problem but none delivering a complete, reliable, and deployable solution. Building on this foundation, a unified AI-Driven Smart Parking Framework was designed and developed, integrating ESP32-CAM based video capture, YOLO-based vehicle detection, Region of Interest matching, Django REST API backend with MySQL database, a Flutter mobile application for driver-facing slot availability, and a Streamlit-based monitoring dashboard for administrators. This paper presents the real-world experimental evaluation of that framework, implemented and tested on an open-air parking facility covering parking slots under daytime conditions. Performance evaluation focuses on three key dimensions -- system response latency, mobile application update speed, and dashboard refresh rate. Results confirm that the system achieves an average end-to-end response latency of 1 to 2 seconds, mobile application slot status updates within 1 to 3 seconds, and real-time dashboard refresh under 3 seconds -- validating the practical viability of the proposed framework for smart city deployment. The findings demonstrate that the convergence of computer vision, IoT sensing, and edge computing can successfully transform a conventional parking facility into an intelligent, data-driven, and user-friendly system.

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 Keywords

Computer Vision, Dashboard Performance, Django, ESP32-CAM, Flutter, IoT Sensing, Mobile Application, Real-Time Detection, Response Latency, YOLO.

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Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, commonly known as jamun, Indian blackberry, or black plum, is a tropical fruit tree belonging to the Myrtaceae family and is widely found in the Indian subcontinent. It has gained considerable attention for its potential role in managing hyperglycemia associated with diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder characterized by inadequate insulin production or impaired glucose regulation.This review focuses on the antihyperglycemic activity of S. cumini, particularly its seeds, which are an important by-product rich in various bioactive compounds. Phytochemical studies have identified the presence of several secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids including jambosine and jamboline, which are believed to contribute to its therapeutic effects.The antidiabetic action of S. cumini is associated with multiple mechanisms, including improvement of glucose homeostasis, stimulation of pancreatic ?-cell function, enhancement of insulin secretion, and inhibition of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes like ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase. Experimental studies in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal models have demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose levels and HbA1c. Furthermore, computational studies suggest that compounds such as kaempferol and gallic acid exhibit strong interactions with key enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism.Clinical findings also indicate that the administration of standardized seed powder can significantly reduce fasting as well as postprandial blood glucose levels. Although S. cumini is generally considered safe, further research is needed to standardize extraction methods and develop advanced drug delivery systems to enhance its bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness

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nutraceuticals, phytochemicals, antioxidants, jamun seed, Syzygium cumini, and antidiabetic.

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The purpose of the present study was to compare the level of achievement motivation between Kabaddi players and non Kabaddi players studying at Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib. A total sample of 40 male students was selected for the study. The subjects were divided into two groups: Kabaddi players (n = 20) and Non Kabaddi players (n = 20). Achievement motivation was measured using a standardized Achievement Motivation Test. Descriptive statistic, including mean and standard deviation, were calculated, and an independent samples t test was applied to examine differences between the groups. The findings revealed that Kabaddi players demonstrated significantly higher achievement motivation compared to non Kabaddi players. The results suggest that participation in competitive sports such as Kabaddi may enhance motivational traits among university students.

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Achievement Motivation, Kabaddi Players, Non-Kabaddi Players, Sports Psychology.

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The pursuit of happiness and psychological well-being has become a central theme in modern psychology, particularly within the framework of positive psychology. Constructs such as flow, emotional intelligence, and life satisfaction are increasingly recognized as vital determinants of subjective well-being. Flow, introduced by Csikszentmihalyi (1990), refers to a state of deep immersion in an activity, characterized by intrinsic motivation, concentration, and a loss of self-consciousness. Emotional intelligence, popularized by Goleman (1995), encompasses the ability to perceive, regulate, and utilize emotions effectively, thereby influencing interpersonal relationships, academic performance, and coping strategies. Life satisfaction, as defined by Diener et al. (1985), is a cognitive evaluation of one's overall quality of life and is influenced by both internal and external factors. Although these constructs have been studied extensively in Western contexts, their combined influence on young adults in collectivist societies such as India remains underexplored. This study investigates the relationships among flow, emotional intelligence, and life satisfaction in Indian college students. Results revealed significant positive correlations between flow and emotional intelligence, and between emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. Regression analysis confirmed that emotional intelligence and flow jointly predict life satisfaction, though flow alone did not significantly correlate with life satisfaction. These findings highlight the importance of emotional regulation and optimal experience in enhancing subjective well-being, while also emphasizing cultural nuances in collectivist societies. The study contributes to cross-cultural psychology by demonstrating that emotional intelligence is a stronger predictor of life satisfaction than flow alone, suggesting that interventions aimed at improving emotional intelligence may be particularly effective in Indian educational contexts.

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 Keywords

Flow, Emotional Intelligence, Life Satisfaction, Positive Psychology, Well-being, Indian College students, Psychological Engagement, Ex-post facto Research Design, Cros-Cultural Psychology

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Cataract is one of the top reasons people lose their eyesight worldwide, yet it can be easily treated if found early. The real problem is that most people -- especially in villages and small towns -- do not have easy access to eye doctors. To help solve this, we built Cataract Hub, a desktop application that uses artificial intelligence to check whether an uploaded eye photograph shows signs of cataract. The system uses five deep learning models -- AlexNet, VGG16, ResNet18, DeepCNN, and DeepANN -- that all examine the same image and vote on the result. The final answer is decided by the majority vote, which makes the system much more reliable than relying on one model alone. Before analysis, the image goes through a seven-layer validation check to make sure it is a proper eye photo. Along with the Cataract or Normal verdict, the system also measures four clinical eye features, provides a three-level explanation for patients, doctors, and data scientists, and generates a full medical report using the LLaMA 3.3-70B large language model through the Groq API. Users can also chat with the built-in Medical AI assistant in English, Telugu, or Hindi. The entire system runs as a native desktop application built with Electron JS, making it practical and easy to install in clinics, hospitals, and health camps.

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Cataract Detection, Deep Learning, Ensemble Learning, Convolutional Neural Network, Eye Screening, Electron JS, LLaMA, Groq API, Gradio, PyTorch, Medical AI, Rural Healthcare.

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In pharmacology, the route of administration is the pathway by which a medication is introduced into the body to achieve a therapeutic effect, patient compliance, and safety of medications. The choice of a specific route depends on the physical and chemical properties of the drug, the desired site of action (local or systemic), the condition of the patient (e.g., unconscious or vomiting), and the rapidity of the response required. This review classifies these routes into systemic and local categories, detailing their specific advantages, disadvantages, and recent advancements in delivery systems. Drug can be administered through multiple routes such as oral, parenteral, topical, inhalation, and transdermal pathways, each having distinct advantages and limitations. Selection of an appropriate route depends on various factors including the physicochemical properties of the drug, desired onset and duration of action, patient condition, and clinical settings.

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Drug Administration Routes; Drug Delivery Systems; Pharmacokinetics; Bioavailability; First-Pass Effect; Administration, Oral; Administration, Sublingual; Administration, Buccal; Administration, Rectal; Injections, Intravenous; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Subcutaneous; Administration, Inhalation; Administration, Transdermal; Nanoparticles; Liposomes; Patient Compliance.

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The objective of this study is to get to an idea and estimation about the implementation of sus-tainability certification standards projects on the financial presentation of tea factories located in Galle region Sri Lanka. The key focus of implementation of the Sustainable Standards schemes are the improvement of the economic, social and business performance of the industry that they are implemented. The study was done through an evaluation of financial status of tea factories operated under Sri Lanka Tea Board in Galle region, Sri Lanka where the sustainability certifica-tion has been seen at different scopes. The effects of these implementation of standards were measured through the assessment the following specific financial performance indicators: Re-turn on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Return on Sales (ROS), Return on Investment (ROI), Profits and sales performances. The research consists of both qualitative and quantitative methods which are focused on ensuring that an adequate number of figures were collected to conduct the analysis. The study methodology embraced for this research is a descriptive analy-sis among 50 sustainable certified tea factories in Galle region. Statistics collection was both primary (Questionnaire, Interviews, key figures) and some secondary data (company data on financial performance indicators) collection methods. Data was statistically analyzed using SPSS statistical tools version 23 for the quantitative data (Pearson Chi-Square test, Correlation and regression) and analyzed qualitative data using Microsoft excel.

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 Keywords

Voluntary Sustainable standards, financial performance, ROA, ROE, ROS

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

There are so many challenges and issues in Social and Humanities Science . It includes poverty, inequality( economically and gender), regional disparities, unemployment, corruption, religion and caste disputes, militant, climate change, mental health, drugs, smoking, drinking, pollution etc. Recently a big social challenge is arising. That is cyber crime. The major reason behind this is digital payments. Digital payments have made life easy. No need to keep cash . But this time it has become more challenges. In this paper SWOT analysis is discussed. A digital payment, sometimes called an electronic payment, is the transfer of value from one payment account to another using a digital device or channel. This definition may include payments made with bank transfers, mobile money, QR codes, and payment instruments such as credit, debit, and prepaid cards. Internet Banking, also known as Net Banking, allows customers of banks and financial institutions to make financial transactions through various digital payment modes like NEFT, RTGS, and IMPS. For an online payment to happen, both the customer and the merchant must have bank accounts, access to online banking, and a device to make the payment. Additionally, they need to be registered with a payment intermediary, such as a bank or a service provider. For example if you purchase something from your local grocery store and choose to pay via any other payment method (Mobile payment apps, banking cards ,Unstructured Supplementary Service Data(USSD), Aadhaar Enabled Payment System (AEPS), Unified Payments Interface (UPI), Internet Banking ,Mobile Banking etc.) that also is a digital payment.

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 Keywords

Digital Payments, Internet Banking, India, cyber crime, customers, banks, financial institutions

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This study explores the cultural significance of folk art among the Reang (Bru) community of Tripura, with particular focus on textile weaving, bamboo craft, ornaments, music, and dance. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Kanchancherra village in Dhalai District, along with earlier observations and informal interviews, the research highlights how these art forms are deeply embedded in everyday life and identity rather than functioning as separate, purely aesthetic traditions. Weaving remains a central expression of Reang womanhood, and the rignai and risa are still worn with pride. While older women maintain traditional black-and-white designs, younger women increasingly adopt brighter colours and new patterns, reflecting both continuity and subtle change. Bamboo crafts such as baskets and mats continue to serve domestic, agricultural, and ritual purposes, though their everyday use is declining due to the availability of cheaper industrial alternatives. Ornaments retain cultural value, especially during festivals, but the shift from silver to aluminium and other metals signals changing economic conditions and evolving gender roles. Music and dance, particularly Hojagiri, remain vibrant and widely performed, supported by schools and cultural programmes. However, knowledge transmission is increasingly fragile as younger generations balance education, migration, and shifting aspirations. The study suggests that community-led initiatives, school-based cultural activities, and market-linked craft support could strengthen continuity while allowing creativity and adaptation. The findings emphasise that preserving Reang folk art is not only about safeguarding craft techniques but also about sustaining cultural identity, social memory, and community pride.

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 Keywords

Bru community; rignai; risa; bamboo craft; cultural identity; Tripura.

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With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence and generative technologies, the rise of deepfake audio and video has become a major concern for digital security, branding authenticity, and misinformation prevention. This project presents an automated system capable of detecting deep fake audio and video using advanced AI and Deep Learning techniques. The system analyzes facial expressions, lip synchronization, voice patterns, and spectral audio features to identify inconsistencies typical found in manipulated media. Deep Learning models such as CNNs and Transformer-based architectures are utilized for recognizing subtle manipulation artifacts.

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Deepfake Detection, Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, CNN, LSTM, Misinformation Prevention, Digital Security.

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