Volume 9 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

The field of geomatics and land surveying is undergoing a profound transformation driven by the integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones. Traditional surveying methods, while accurate, are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and pose safety risks in challenging terrains. This paper explores the disruptive impact of drone technology, which offers a paradigm shift towards rapid, high-precision, and cost-effective data acquisition. By leveraging advanced sensors, including high-resolution RGB cameras, LiDAR, and multispectral imagers, drones generate dense 3D data point clouds, orthomosaics, and digital elevation models with centimeter-level accuracy. This paper outlines a comprehensive framework for drone-based surveying, detailing the workflow from mission planning and data capture to processing and analysis. The proposed system demonstrates significant advantages in applications such as topographic mapping, volumetric calculations, construction monitoring, and deformation monitoring. We conclude that drones are not merely a supplementary tool but a foundational technology that is reshaping the future of geomatics by enhancing data density, operational efficiency, and decision-making capabilities, thereby paving the way for the creation of dynamic, intelligent digital twins of the physical world.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Drone Photogrammetry, Geomatics, Land Surveying, Digital Terrain Model (DTM), LiDAR, Point Cloud, Precision, Efficiency, Digital Twin.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study examines the impact of digital resources on the modern education system in North-East India, with special reference to Assam. The rapid integration of digital technologies in education has transformed teaching and learning processes, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research explores the extent of digital resource adoption, the effectiveness of digital tools, challenges faced by students and teachers, and the role of government initiatives in promoting digital education. Data was collected through surveys, interviews, and secondary sources from various educational institutions across urban and rural areas of Assam. The findings reveal significant improvements in access and engagement but also highlight persistent issues such as infrastructural limitations, digital divide, and inadequate teacher training. The study concludes with recommendations for enhancing digital infrastructure, capacity building, localized content development, and inclusive policies to ensure equitable and sustainable digital education in the region.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Digital Resources, Modern Education, Assam, Digital Divide, Teacher Training

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in India brought unprecedented challenges to the public health system. Ensuring access to safe drinking water became critically important during the pandemic due to increased health risks. The rural population was particularly vulnerable to infection due to the consumption of contaminated water sources. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of household water filtration systems used during this period. Water quality testing and household surveys were conducted across three rural districts in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh (UP), and Madhya Pradesh (MP). A total of 500 households were randomly selected to represent users of different filtration technologies. Water samples were analyzed for key parameters including total coliforms, Escherichia coli, turbidity, pH, and residual chlorine, in accordance with the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). This mixed-method approach enabled both statistical and contextual interpretation of household filtration performance. The highest E. coli removal was observed in boiling and reverse osmosis (RO) systems. UV-based purifiers demonstrated variable performance, with efficacy ranging from 85% to 92%. Ceramic and cloth filters showed moderate to low performance. The study found a clear correlation between the use of highly effective filtration systems and lower reported cases of gastrointestinal illness. These results suggest that proper household water treatment practices can significantly reduce health risks during public health emergencies. This research emphasizes the importance of household-level water treatment during crises and highlights the need for targeted policy interventions to promote affordable and effective water purification technologies in rural India. The findings offer valuable insights for disaster preparedness planning. Future resilience models must incorporate water safety, public health priorities, and social equity considerations.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Household water treatment; Rural health; Drinking water quality; COVID-19 pandemic; Waterborne pathogens; Filtration efficacy; Reverse osmosis; Ultraviolet purification; Ceramic filters; Public health in India

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Vending machines automatically distribute commodities such as food, beverages, fragrances, luxury products, and even gold and diamonds to customers once they put money or credit. As the name indicates, this is a vending machine that will dispense medication according to the customer's preferences. This medicine provides immediate symptom relief for minor health concerns. Medicine vending machines are automated devices that dispense drugs, offering 24-hour access to basic over-the-counter and prescription medications. These devices aim to increase healthcare accessibility, particularly in places with limited or cumbersome pharmacy access, and offer a convenient means to receive necessary prescriptions.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Medicine, vending

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In today's rapidly evolving healthcare landscape, the need for continuous and remote monitoring of patients has become increasingly critical. This paper presents the design and implementation of an IoT-based health monitoring system using a Raspberry Pi microcontroller integrated with biomedical sensors to measure key vital signs such as body temperature, heart rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2), blood pressure, and ECG signals. The system utilizes an OLED display for real-time local monitoring and leverages the Adafruit IO cloud platform to transmit sensor data wirelessly, allowing healthcare professionals to remotely monitor patient health parameters from any location. The integration of IoT technology with low-power, non-invasive sensors ensures an efficient, portable, and cost-effective solution, especially beneficial for home-based patient care and rural health centers. Doctors can access the live data remotely and provide instant medical feedback or prescriptions based on the patient's condition. The system enhances medical response time, supports early diagnosis, and ensures continuous patient observation, ultimately improving the quality of healthcare services.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

IoT, Raspberry Pi, Health Monitoring, Pulse Oximeter, ECG Sensor, Blood Pressure Sensor, Temperature Sensor, OLED Display, Adafruit IO, Remote Patient Monitoring, Biomedical Sensors, Real-Time Data.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Next-generation transformer technology, particularly solid-state transformers (SSTs), is poised to redefine modern power systems by enabling seamless integration between low- and high-voltage networks through advanced power electronics and intelligent control mechanisms. SSTs offer numerous advantages, including compact size, cost efficiency, and adaptability for offshore applications, making them a crucial component for renewable energy integration in smart grids. However, their widespread adoption is hindered by challenges such as implementation complexity, protection strategies, economic feasibility, and communication compatibility.This paper provides a comprehensive review of SST technology, examining its control methodologies, emerging research directions, and real-world applications. By analyzing influential studies, it highlights critical operational challenges and opportunities for further advancement in power grids. Additionally, the review explores state-of-the-art SST configurations, control frameworks, and their associated advantages and limitations. By identifying key knowledge gaps and unresolved technical issues, this study offers valuable insights for future innovations. The findings and evaluations presented aim to guide power engineers and researchers in developing next-generation SST solutions to enhance efficiency and sustainability in modern energy networks.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Solid-State Transformer (SST) , Power Electronics, Smart Grid, Renewable Energy Integration, Voltage Regulation, High-Frequency Transformer , Bidirectional Power Flow, Modular Multilevel Converter, Fault Tolerance, Grid Stability, Communication Compatibility, Control Strategies

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Information security has become the area of concern as a result of widespread use of communication medium over the internet. Security of data has become a most important issue in data communication specially in the field of computer networks. With ever increasing popularity of online transaction, debit or credit card fraud and personal information security are major concerns for customers, merchants, and banks especially in the case of card not present. This paper presents a survey about different fields where Steganography and Visual Cryptography can be used and a new method that uses a combination of Steganography and Visual Cryptography that provides only limited information required for fund transfer during online transaction.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Data security, Steganography, Visual Cryptography, Online Transaction.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study examines consumer purchase behavior in the e-commerce sector in India, a rapidly growing market. The primary objective is to understand the demographic characteristics, purchasing habits, factors influencing purchase decisions, and overall satisfaction of e-commerce users. A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing a structured survey distributed via email and social media to gather data from 450 valid respondents. The survey captured detailed information on consumer demographics, buying patterns, factors influencing purchase decisions, and satisfaction levels. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, incorporating descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses. Key findings indicate that the majority of respondents are young adults (25-34 years old), predominantly male, with a high level of education (bachelor's degree). The most preferred e-commerce platform is Amazon, with a significant portion of respondents making purchases 2-3 times a month. Price, product variety, and user reviews are the top factors influencing purchase decisions. High satisfaction levels were reported for product quality and overall shopping experience, though areas such as customer service and return/refund processes need improvement. The study highlights the significant role of price sensitivity, product variety, and user reviews in shaping consumer behavior. The findings have important implications for e-commerce businesses and policymakers. E-commerce platforms should focus on competitive pricing, diverse product offerings, robust review systems, and enhanced customer service. Policymakers should create a conducive regulatory environment, promote digital literacy, and implement economic policies that increase disposable income. This study fills a critical gap by providing empirical data specific to the Indian market, offering valuable insights for optimizing e-commerce strategies and achieving sustainable growth.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

E-commerce, Consumer behavior, Purchase decisions, Survey analysis, India, Online shopping, Customer satisfaction.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

E-learning is defined as medium of instruction through computer technology, which in other words is known as Internet/Intranet etc for the dissemination of teaching and learning. It involves classroom based learning, synchronous distance learning, resource center laboratory training and independent learning. Because of the increasing demand for continuing university education, this E-learning is used worldwide. E-learning is flexible and is a new trend in education delivery approaches which assures quality and increases educational opportunities. There is team in E-learning which includes different human resource. There are E-learning issues, obstacles in the way of E-learning, challenges and legal issues which are presented in this paper apart from the tips for evaluation of online resources.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

E-learning, ICT, VLE.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The necessity for comprehensive and scalable security solutions has increased as software development increasingly uses CI/CD pipelines. Traditional security practises sometimes fall behind rapid development cycles, leaving weaknesses for unscrupulous actors to exploit. Adding AI-based security mechanisms to CI/CD pipelines can enable proactive threat detection, automated vulnerability assessments, and continuous monitoring without slowing down development. This study discusses AI-based security in CI/CD pipelines and its advantages. This article examines the constraints of typical security techniques in CI/CD settings, where quick deployment frequently clashes with extensive security testing. AI-based security technologies use machine learning algorithms to evaluate massive volumes of data, detect risks in real time, and react to new attack vectors faster than previous techniques. Automation of security testing across the development lifecycle is a major benefit of AI-based security in CI/CD pipelines. By combining AI-driven static and dynamic code analysis, anomaly detection, and automated penetration testing, enterprises can make security a priority throughout development. Traditional security systems have high false positive rates, but these technologies can learn from fresh data and improve accuracy. By detecting and responding to threats in real time, AI-based security helps improve CI/CD pipeline responsiveness. These solutions utilize AI models based on historical data to detect vulnerabilities and automatically roll back deployments or apply security updates. This preemptive technique limits attackers' window of opportunity and the danger of delivering tainted code into production. AI-based security in CI/CD pipelines ensures continuous monitoring and audit trails, supporting industry norms and laws. AI-driven solutions can log security actions, provide compliance reports, and notify teams of policy violations. This is useful in highly regulated businesses where security criteria must be met. However, CI/CD pipelines with AI-based security face issues. AI model complexity, training dataset size, and adversarial assaults on AI systems must be handled. Integration also demands development teams to choose security above speed and creativity. In conclusion, AI-based security transforms CI/CD pipeline protection in fast-paced software development. AI can improve security while preserving agility by automating security procedures, allowing real-time threat detection, and supporting compliance.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

AI-based security, CI/CD pipelines, automated security testing, real-time threat detection, continuous integration, continuous deployment, machine learning in security, compliance automation, proactive security measures, vulnerability assessment.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition