Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Cash management is a crucial element of financial management that determines the operational efficiency of Self Help Groups (SHGs). Adequate availability of cash and its timely utilization influence the successful implementation of developmental programmes undertaken by SHGs. The present study examines the cash management practices of Self Help Groups in Bangalore Urban District and analyses their impact on programme implementation. The study is based on primary data collected from 120 SHG members through a structured questionnaire. Statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation and correlation analysis were employed for data analysis. The findings reveal that effective cash planning, timely inflows and proper utilization of cash significantly enhance programme implementation in SHGs. The study concludes that strengthening cash management practices is essential for improving the performance and sustainability of SHGs.

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 Keywords

Cash Management, Programme Implementation, Financial Management, Self Help Groups, Bangalore Urban

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 Abstract

Abstract: Email spam remains one of the most persistent challenges in modern communication systems, with traditional machine learning approaches struggling to adapt to evolving spam tactics. This paper proposes Adaptive Constructive Learning with Feature Importance Weighting (ACLFIW), a novel approach that combines dynamic confidence thresholds, intelligent feature selection, and temporal pattern recognition to create a robust, evolving spam detection system. Our experimental results demonstrate that ACLFIW achieves 100% accuracy on test data while maintaining computational efficiency through selective feature expansion and intelligent pruning. Comparative analysis with traditional approaches (Naive Bayes, SVM, Random Forest) shows 15-22% improvement in adaptability metrics and significantly reduced model retraining overhead. The system's ability to detect emerging spam threats and maintain performance under concept drift makes it particularly suitable for production environments requiring real-time adaptation.

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 Keywords

Constructive Learning, Feature Importance Weighting, Spam Detection, Concept Drift, Adaptive Machine Learning, Temporal Pattern Recognition

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 Abstract

The sustainability of Self Help Groups (SHGs) largely depends on the effective management and circulation of funds. Flow of funds analysis helps in understanding the sources, utilization and movement of financial resources within SHGs and assists in estimating future fund requirements. The present study examines the flow of funds and its impact on the financial sustainability of Self Help Groups in Bangalore Urban District. The study is based on primary data collected from 120 SHG members using a structured questionnaire. Statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, ANOVA and descriptive analysis were used. The findings reveal that efficient fund flow management, supported by regular savings and bank linkage, enhances financial sustainability and planning capability of SHGs. The study concludes that systematic flow of funds analysis is essential for strengthening the long-term viability of SHGs.

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 Keywords

Flow of Funds, Financial Sustainability, Fund Management, Self Help Groups, Bangalore Urban

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 Abstract

Self Help Groups (SHGs) play a vital role in promoting financial inclusion and socio-economic empowerment of women in India. Effective financial management is essential for the sustainability and performance of SHGs, particularly in urban and semi-urban regions. The present study examines the financial management practices of Self Help Groups in Bangalore Urban District with special reference to accounting practices, internal control mechanisms and financial decision-making processes. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected from 120 members of selected SHGs using a structured questionnaire. Statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, correlation analysis and ANOVA were used for data analysis. The findings reveal that proper accounting systems, effective internal controls and participative financial decision-making significantly contribute to the overall financial effectiveness of SHGs. The study concludes that strengthening financial management practices enhances sustainability and improves the economic outcomes of SHGs.

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 Keywords

Self Help Groups, Financial Management, Accounting Practices, Internal Control, Bangalore Urban

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 Abstract

Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) become essential to everyday banking. They let people handle their money quickly and safely, at least in theory. But the truth is, ATM machines face a growing list of security threats like card skimming, hackers sneaking into accounts, replay attacks, and people intercepting sensitive data as it travels between the ATM and the bank. Most ATMs still use just single-factor authentication and basic security, which leaves them wide open to new kinds of cyber-attacks. If banks want to keep up, they need a tougher communication system for ATMs--one that really protects the privacy and integrity of every transaction. There is a strong need to verify users, encrypting the data that moves back and forth, and making sure the ATM and the bank's servers are always talking to the right partner. With these upgrades, banks will cut down on fraud, keep people's data safer, and make ATM banking more dependable for everyone.

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 Keywords

Automated Teller Machine (ATM), Secure Communication, Banking Security, Authentication Mechanisms, Data Confidentiality, Financial Transactions, Cybersecurity

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The present study aims to formulate and evaluate a herbal hair serum using leaf extracts of Piper betel and Ixora coccinea, plants traditionally recognized for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and hair growth-promoting properties. The leaves were collected, authenticated, shade-dried, and subjected to extraction using appropriate solvents. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and glycosides. The herbal hair serum was formulated incorporating natural excipients including aloe vera gel, vitamin E, lavender oil, rose water, Tween 80, and sodium benzoate. The prepared formulations were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics such as appearance, homogeneity, spreadability, transparency, pH, and antifungal activity. The pH of theformulation was found to be within the acceptable range for scalp application. Antifungal activity assessed by the well diffusion method demonstrated significant inhibitory effects against fungal strains. Among the formulations developed, the optimized formulation exhibited satisfactory stability, smooth texture, and effective antifungal activity. The findings of the study indicate that the formulated herbal hair serum is safe effective, and suitable for improving scalp health, reducing dandruff, and enhancing overall hair quality.

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Hairserum, formulation, safety, efficacy, daily use, Anti- fungal activity

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 Abstract

Maadhyamik Star Par Adhyayanarat Chhaatr Evan Chhaatraon kee Paryaavaran Ke Prati Jaagarookata Ka Adhyayan

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Maadhyamik Star Par Adhyayanarat Chhaatr Evan Chhaatraon kee Paryaavaran Ke Prati Jaagarookata Ka Adhyayan

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The Sundarbans region of West Bengal represents one of the most ecologically sensitive and socio-economically marginalized areas in India. Characterized by its deltaic landscape, dense mangrove forests, frequent cyclones, tidal flooding, and fragile livelihoods, the region poses severe challenges to human development. Gosaba, one of the largest inhabited islands of the Sundarbans in South 24 Parganas district, reflects these complexities acutely. Geographic isolation, limited transportation, inadequate educational infrastructure, poverty, and vulnerability to climate change have historically restricted access to quality education, healthcare, and sustainable livelihoods for its residents. Within this challenging context, Beacon House, Gosaba, has emerged as a vital institution dedicated to social transformation and community development. Beacon House is not merely an educational center; it represents a holistic development model that integrates education, women and child empowerment, community participation, and environmental consciousness. Its initiatives aim to address structural inequalities while responding to the everyday realities of life in a disaster-prone, remote rural setting .Education in Gosaba has long been affected by school dropouts, child labor, early marriage, gender disparity, and seasonal migration. Children from economically disadvantaged households often lack academic support, learning materials, and exposure to broader opportunities. Beacon House intervenes at this critical juncture by providing inclusive, accessible, and community-oriented educational support that prioritizes marginalized children, especially girls. Through formal schooling assistance, remedial education, and life-skill development, the institution seeks to break the intergenerational cycle of poverty and exclusion. Beyond education, Beacon House plays a significant role in women's empowerment and community resilience. In the Sundarbans, women face compounded disadvantages due to poverty, limited mobility, low literacy, and vulnerability during natural disasters. Beacon House addresses these issues through vocational training, self-help group formation, health awareness programs, and leadership development. These efforts not only enhance household income but also strengthen women's participation in decision-making processes at the family and community levels .Environmental vulnerability is another defining feature of Gosaba. Rising sea levels, salinity intrusion, and frequent cyclones threaten both livelihoods and settlements. Recognizing the interdependence between human development and ecological sustainability, Beacon House integrates environmental education into its programs. Awareness initiatives related to mangrove conservation, climate adaptation, and disaster preparedness equip communities with knowledge essential for survival in an increasingly uncertain ecological future.

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 Keywords

Beacon House, Gosaba, Sundarbans, rural education, women empowerment, community development, climate resilience.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Classical dominance-based and indiscernibility relations are often too rigid to analyse real data affected by noise, perturbation, or instability. This paper introduces a strong hybrid equivalence framework that integrates exact algebraic dominance with a ?-restricted similarity induced by a sensitivity distance. The sensitivity distance measures behavioural deviation between objects, allowing both metric analysis and tolerance-based interpretation. We study the algebraic properties of sensitivity relations, derive necessary and sufficient conditions for transitivity via ultrametric inequalities, and construct ?-neighbourhoods that generate covering-based approximations. Lower and upper rough approximations, lattice ordering under ?-variation, and the interaction between hybrid equivalence and dominance are established. A healthcare risk-classification case study demonstrates how the hybrid model yields robust and interpretable groupings in the presence of uncertainty. The proposed framework provides a mathematically consistent foundation for sensitivity-aware reasoning, stability-based decision analysis and approximate classification.

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 Keywords

Dominance relation; Sensitivity distance; Rough sets; Tolerance relation; Hybrid equivalence; ?-neighbourhood; Approximate reasoning; Robust decision analysis.

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In the contemporary and highly competitive manufacturing environment, exemplary corporate leadership and a strong organizational culture have emerged as critical drivers of organizational development. The present study aims to examine the impact of exemplary corporate leadership and organizational culture on organizational development in selected manufacturing companies. The research focuses on identifying key leadership practices and cultural dimensions that influence organizational growth, employee engagement, operational efficiency, and long-term sustainability. A descriptive and analytical research design is adopted, using primary data collected from managerial and supervisory employees through structured questionnaires, supported by secondary data from journals, reports, and published literature. Appropriate statistical tools such as percentage analysis, correlation, and chi-square tests are employed to analyse the data. The findings of the study reveal a significant relationship between exemplary corporate leadership, organizational culture, and organizational development, indicating that effective leadership practices coupled with a supportive and adaptive culture positively influence organizational performance. The study provides valuable insights for manufacturing organizations, policymakers, and academicians by emphasizing the need to strengthen leadership practices and cultivate a positive organizational culture to achieve sustainable organizational development.

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 Keywords

Exemplary Leadership, Organisation Culture, Manufacturing industries etc.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition