Volume 6 | Issue 2 |

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Index terms- Vernacular, Assessment, Performance, Dhajji Dewari, Analysis

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Rainwater Harvesting is the accumulating and storing, of rainwater for reuse, before it reaches the aquifer. It has been used to provide drinking water, water for livestock, water for irrigation, as well as other typical uses given to water. Rainwater collected from the roofs of houses, tents and local institutions, can make an important contribution to the availability of drinking water. Water collected from the ground, sometimes from areas which are especially prepared for this purpose, is called Storm water harvesting. In some cases, r drinking water rainwater may be the only available, or economical, water source. Rainwater harvesting systems can be simple to construct from inexpensive local materials, and are potentially successful in most habitable locations.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Keywords - drinking water, rainwater, collection, aquifer, treatment

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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ABSTRACT-Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is a technique of collection and storage of rainwater into natural reservoirs or tanks before it is lost as surface runoff .Our earth is covered with 75% of water and 25% of land but water scarcity is a global issue because the large extent of water is not used for the domestic purpose, irrigation purpose and one of the solutions for such problem is the rainwater harvesting.In the areas of regular rainfall, the perfect alternative to overcome the water scarcity is the collection of rainwater called as rainwater harvesting. Falling rain furnish the clean, natural water and this is not astonishing because it is due to the distillation procedure. This harvesting does not include the water running from land into the streams, lakes, and rivers etc. It can be done in private buildings, public buildings and also in manufactured areas. Rainwater harvesting will improve water supply, food production, and ultimately food security.Tamil Nadu is the first Indian state to make rainwater harvesting mandatory. Around 4,000 temples in Tamil Nadu state traditionally had water tanks that were used for various rituals.This techniques usually found in Asia and Africa arise from practices employed by ancient civilizations within these regions and still serve as a major source of drinking water supply in rural areas.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Keywords- rainwater, food production, water tanks, rainfall, water supply

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract-The Submerged Floating Tunnel concept was first conceived at the beginning of the century, but no actual project was undertaken until recently. As the needs of society for regional growth and the protection of the environment have assumed increased importance, in this wider context the submerged floating tunnel offers new opportunities. The submerged floating tunnel is an innovative concept for crossing waterways, utilizing the law of buoyancy to support the structure at a moderate and convenient depth . The Submerged floating Tunnel is a tube like structure made of Steel and Concrete utilizing the law of buoyancy .It supported on columns or held in place by tethers attached to the sea floor or by pontoons floating on the surface. The Submerged floating tunnel utilizes lakes and waterways to carry traffic under water and on to the other side, where it can be conveniently linked to the rural network or to the underground infrastructure of modern cities.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Index Terms - crossing waterways, law of buoyancy, Submerged floating, traffic under water

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract-Pile foundations consist of piles that are dug into soil till a layer of stable soil is reached. Pile foundations transfer building load to the bearing ground with the greater bearing capacity. Pile foundations are useful in regions with unstable upper soil that may erode, or for large structures. Pile foundations are often required to resist lateral loading. Lateral loads come from a varietyof sources including wind, earthquakes, waves, and ship impacts.The lateral capacity of a pile isusually much smaller than the axial capacity and as a result groups of piles are often installed toincrease the lateral capacity of the entire foundation system. When vertical or plumb pile groups do not provide sufficient lateral resistance the piles can be battered in order to mobilize some of thehigher axial capacity to resist the lateral load.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Index Terms - bearing capacity, Lateral loads, Pile foundations, structures, soil strata

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Index term: Foam Concrete, Light Weight Concrete, Density, Strength, Specific Strength

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Keywords: Cohesionless soil, lateral loads, positive & negative battered piles, vertical piles.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract:Over last few years, Geo-synthetic clay liners have gained widespread popularity as substitute for compacted clay liners in cover systems and composite bottom liners. A geosynthetic clay liner is a factory produced mineral sealing mat which mostly consists of two layers of non-woven geotextile with on intermediate layer of sodium bentonitepowder.Geo-synthetic clay liners are mainly used for landfill copings, sealing ponds, bottom and to seal for wastes. Geo-synthetic clay liner must be properly designed in a manner consistent with anticipated field condition, Mechanical and hydraulic forces various criteria like hydraulic conductivity , chemical stability and strength parameters must be consider for designing the geosynthetic clay liners .This paper presents many key design criteria that should be addressed for proper hydraulic and mechanical performance of geo-synthetic clay liner such as calculation of leakage rates and shear stability. There are other factors like effects of confining stresses on permeability, freeze/ thaw cycling stability evaluation and cation exchange which will be presented as well . Geosynthetic clay liners considered here are products fabricated using a bentonite clay layer sandwiched between geotextiles or to a geo-membrane.This paper also presents the construction guidelines for geosynthentic clay liners

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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ABSTRACT: Development of country depends on the connectivity of various places with adequate road network, the road are the major channel of transportation for carrying goods and passengers.The construction and improvement of high quality roads plays an important role. In this research paper, Chi-Square hypothesis is performed to study different parameters for designing rigid pavements. The hypothesis performed includes relationship between time and deflection for different truck speed and effect on compressive and flexural strength with steel fibers in rigid pavements. Study of compressive strength with eco-friendly material like fly ash is carried out in rigid pavements. Hypothesis reveals cost benefits in pavement if UFS (Used Foundry Sand) are used as an ingredient for M-20 mix design concrete. Relationship between various physical-mechanical characteristics of recycled aggregates and calculation of relationship between nodal deflection and pavement thickness are also studied.

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INDEX TERM- Rigid pavements, chi-square, hypothesis, recycled, compressive strength

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Nonlinear finite element analysis has been performed to understand the behaviour of piled raft under plane strain condition. The soil has been idealized by Extended Drucker-Prager yield criterion. The raft and piles have been considered as linear elastic material. Four nodedisparametric finite elements has been used for discretization. The number of nodes are 243 and number of elements is 208. At all loading intensity the settlement of raft is more than piled rafts. For piled raft having pile of length to diameter ratio equal to 10 settles more than other piles of piled raft. For piled rafts having pile of length to diameter ratio of 20 settle more than piled raft having pile length to diameter ratio equal to 30. The load settlement curve for raft and piled rafts are nonlinear. When the thickness (T) is 0.5 m, the settlements of raft and piled raft both decreases. The raft undergoes maximum settlement followed by piled raft having piles of length to diameter equal to 10,20 and 30. When the thickness (T) is 1.0 m, the settlements of raft and piled raft both decreases than at thickness (T)= 0.50 m. Similarrly at thickness equal to 2.0, the settlement of raft and piled raft decreases than at thickness 1.0 m. The axial load is maximum at the top and minimum at the bottom at all loading intensity. The axial load increases with increase in loading intensity. The axial load distribution curve is nonlinear. This nonlinearity is maximum at loading intensity equal to 60 kN/m2. The axial load is greater for all loading intensity for L/d ratio 20 than L/d=10. Similarly the axial load is greater for all loading intensity for L/d ratio 30 than L/d=20.

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Intex term-: Raft, Piled Raft, Finite Element, Thickness, Length, Diameter, Axial Load, Loading Intensity, Discretization

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition