Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Medical negligence has emerged as one of the most complex challenges at the intersection of law, medicine and human rights. It not only concerns the professional accountability of doctors but also directly affects the patients right to health which is constitutionally recognized in India. In this context, forensic science and toxicology plays an increasingly critical role by providing objective evidence in disputes involving medical error, wrongful prescription or unexplained death. This article examines the legal framework governing medical negligence in India with a proper emphasis on the transition from the Indian Penal Code to the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 alongside the Consumer Protection Act and judicial precedents. It explores how courts rely on forensic medicine and toxicology to establish causation, determine liability and differentiate between civil negligence and criminal recklessness. Special attention is being given to cases involving anesthesia mishaps, poisoning and drug-related deaths where toxicological analysis often becomes the deciding factor. By adopting a comparative perspective, the study also reviews approaches in the United Kingdom and the United States where forensic science has long influenced malpractice litigation. The analysis also demonstrates that a stronger medico-legal infrastructure, combined with the integration of expert forensic opinion into judicial processes is essential to balance patient safety with the protection of medical professionals from frivolous claims. The paper ultimately argues that reinforcing the forensic dimension of medical jurisprudence will strengthen accountability while advancing the broader goal of safeguarding the right to health.

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 Keywords

Medical Negligence, Forensic Science, Toxicology, Medical Jurisprudence, Consumer Protection, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Right to Health

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T2DM is a complex metabolic disorder that increases the risk of death in patients with CVD and kidney diseases. Initially, lifestyle modifications and metformin therapy are prescribed. For patients contraindicated for metformin, sulfonylureas are prescribed, but still control was lost. Hence, a new class of drugs is introduced, including SGLT2 inhibitors. Phlorizin is the main drug, and other drugs are derived from phlorizin, including dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, empagliflozin, ertugliflozin, sotagliflozin, etc. SGLT2 inhibitors block SGLT2 receptors present in PCT and reduce glucose and sodium reabsorption, finally leading to a reduction of blood glucose levels. SGLT2 inhibitors result in natriuresis & glucosuria that reduces BP and albuminuria. SGLT2 inhibitors also reduce inflammation & fibrosis, SNS & RAAS activity and serum uric acid, adipokine production, arterial contractility and stiffness and also promote renal haemodynamic action. These agents reduce heart failure hospitalisation and MACE, slow the progression of CKD, and preserve eGFR, as explained by main trials including EMPA-REG, CANVAS, DECLARE-TIMI, DAPA-HF, CREDENCE, DAPA-CKD, etc. Genital mycotic infections, diabetic ketoacidosis, urinary tract infections, polyuria, nausea and constipation are common ADRs of SGLT2 inhibitors. Guidelines like KDIGO, ESC, and ADA/EASD explain the prescribing patterns of SGLT2 inhibitors. The use of SGLT2 inhibitors promotes benefits in both CKD and CVD patients, but patients with severe decline in eGFR need further study.

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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; SGLT2 Inhibitors; Diabetic kidney disease; Cardiovascular disease.

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 Abstract

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??????? ?? ??????, ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????, ?????? ??????, ????? ????????? ???????, ??? ??????? ?????, ???????? ???????, ??????? ??? ????????????, ??????? ????????????, ????? ??????????, ??????? ?????? .

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The large-scale structure of the universe is generally described by the Cosmological Principle, which assumes homogeneity and isotropy on sufficiently large scales. However, in 2008, Alexander Kashlinsky and collaborators reported evidence for a coherent bulk motion of galaxy clusters extending to scales of at least 800 Mpc, termed Dark Flow. This motion appeared to be independent of the Hubble expansion and aligned toward a specific direction in the sky near the constellations Centaurus and Hydra. The detection was based on measurements of the kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich (kSZ) effect in galaxy clusters using Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) data. If confirmed, Dark Flow would imply gravitational influence from structures beyond the observable universe or non-standard cosmological physics. However, subsequent analyses using Planck satellite data have challenged the statistical significance of the original findings. This paper reviews the observational evidence, methodology, theoretical implications, competing interpretations, and current status of the Dark Flow hypothesis.

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Dark Flow, kSZ Effect, Bulk Flow, ?CDM, Cosmic Microwave Background, Inflation, Multiverse

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The rapid increase in urban populations within developing nations has now led to a surge in municipal solid waste generation that now to large extend exceeds the processing capabilities of formal institutions. In this scenario, it can be clearly seen that the informal waste pickers primarily women act as decentralized environmental managers. This research immensely and thoroughly investigates the correlation between population pressure and the involvement of women in waste picking very activities in the Mumbai. In this research and a mixed-method research approach was being utilized, incorporating a primary survey (n=30), qualitative interviews getting to know the respondent and the respondent, and secondary demographic data. Statistical methods which is used in such as percentage distribution, and cross-tabulation, and chi-square tests were employed and alongside thematic analysis is used. The results indicate around a notable and it can be seen in relationship between migration, household size, and reliance on waste picking as an occupation. Before Women more workers play a crucial role in recycling processes and the survival of households, despite facing occupational hazards and social marginalization. The study possible concludes that women waste pickers represent an informal environmental infrastructure that arises from demographic pressures and should be integrated into urban sustainability policies.

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urban population, informal economy, recycling labor, gendered livelihood, sustainability, migration

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Abstract Background: Dyspraxia, also known as Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by difficulty in planning and executing coordinated motor tasks. It affects approximately 5-6% of school-aged children worldwide, with a higher prevalence reported in boys than girls (2:1 to 3:1 ratio). A significant proportion of affected children present with associated conditions such as ADHD, learning disabilities, or speech disorders, often leading to underdiagnosis. Affected children may struggle with activities such as writing, dressing, or sports, despite having normal intelligence. This often results in low self-esteem and poor academic performance. A clinical study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of Individualised Homoeopathic medicines in improving motor coordination and functional ability among school-going children diagnosed with Dyspraxia. The assessment of improvement was based on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2) scale, and total scores before and after treatment were compared statistically. Aim: To study the efficacy of homoeopathic medicine of dyspraxia in school going children 4 years- 12 years. Materials and Methods: An open-label prospective clinical study was conducted on 50 clinical diagnosed cases of dyspraxia. Cases were assessed before and after treatment using the Bot-2 scale statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test. Result: The calculated value of t-statistics was found to be 17.377, while its tabulated value at 5% level of significance for 49 degrees of freedom (p = 0.005) was 3.000. Clinically, out of 50 cases, 15 cases (30%) showed marked improvement, 22 cases (44%) showed moderate improvement, 10 cases (20%) showed mild improvement, and only 3 cases (6%) remained status quo, with no cases showing deterioration. Since the calculated value was greater than the tabulated value, the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis accepted, indicating significant improvement in symptoms after Homoeopathic treatment. Conclusion: Homoeopathic medicines were found to be significantly effective in the treatment and management of Dyspraxia among school-going children.

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Dyspraxia; Developmental Coordination Disorder; Homoeopathy; Motor Coordination.

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Pica is a behavioral and nutritional disorder characterized by persistent ingestion of nonnutritive and non-food substances such as soil, chalk, paper, clay, hair, or plaster for a period of at least one month at an age where such behavior is developmentally inappropriate. It is commonly observed among children between 2-12 years of age, particularly in developing countries where malnutrition and iron deficiency anemia are prevalent. If untreated, pica may lead to complications such as intestinal obstruction, parasitic infections, heavy metal toxicity, and growth retardation. Homoeopathy, based on the principle of individualization, offers a holistic approach in the management of pica by addressing both the physical and psychological aspects of the disorder. This article reviews the etiology, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, and homoeopathic management of pica in children.

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Pica, Children, Iron Deficiency, Nutritional Disorder, Homoeopathy.

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It is an infestation of the skin by mite called sarcoptes scabiei. The female is larger than male and burrows in the epidermis, depositing eggs. These burrows should be looked for between the fingers, on hands or wrist and on the sides of the feet. Homoeopathy can treat scabies and individual susceptibility. The right constitutional similimum arrived by the help of mental generals, physical generals, characteristic, causation, modalities, and concomitant help in removing the underlining susceptibility and bring out the cure.

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Scabies, sarcoptes scabiei, homoeopathy

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Underemployment is the result of unemployment among educated people in Kerala.If a person is not doing a job according to their education and skills, it is called under-employment among such people.Underemployment, which mainly exists in rural areas, refers to the educationally competent people working in low-wage jobs related to agriculture. Underemployment, which is prevalent in urban areas, means that the higher educated are employed in less-than-qualified jobs in both the public and private sectors. This phenomenon which is seen in cities in many villages of Kerala continues.Time-related under- employment is listed as labour slack. Time-related underemployment refers to the underutilization of the labor force.Underemployment is primarily studied by classifying Kerala into three zones. The method of measuring underemployment is also discussed. The objective of this study was various types of under-employment, causes of under-employment and effect due to under-employment are analyzed with Kerala.

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Underemployment,Time related underemployment, Causes of underemployment, effect of underemployment, Visible underemployment,Invisible underemployment

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Digital education has become an important part of the Indian education system, especially after the rapid expansion of online learning platforms. Senior secondary school students, who are at a crucial stage of academic and social development, have been significantly affected by this shift. This paper examines the impact of digital education on senior secondary school students in India from a sociological perspective. Using secondary data collected from books, research articles, government reports, and educational surveys, the study explores both the positive and negative effects of digital education. The paper highlights issues such as access to technology, social inequality, digital divide, learning experiences, and changes in student behavior. The findings suggest that while digital education has improved access to learning resources and flexibility, it has also increased educational inequality among students from different socio-economic backgrounds. The study concludes that digital education can be effective only when supported by inclusive policies, proper infrastructure, and social awareness.

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Digital Education, Senior Secondary Students, Social Inequality, Digital Divide, Sociology of Education

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