Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Gender-based violence is presented primarily within the public health framework. It should be noted, however, that the authors recognise violence against women as a fundamental violation of human rights and a crime against women and society. All citizens also have the right to bias-free, affordable and accessible legal, social and health care services that can help to mitigate the negative consequences of the inflicted violence. Within the public health framework, violence is conceptualized as a problem that can be prevented and its consequences alleviated through social and health based interventions. Public health strategies can function at various levels in responding to violence - at the individual, community, and societal levels. As victims and survivors of violence approach the health care system for relief of the resulting physical and psychological trauma, health care professionals play an important role in the treatment of such injury, rehabilitation of victims, and prevention of further trauma (secondary and tertiary levels of care). With regard to prevention - or primary level care - community-based public health interventions can be instrumental in changing social norms, creating social pressures against violent behaviour, and educating the public about the health, social, and legal consequences of violence. While the public health system is recognized as one of the most critical sites for addressing violence, it currently lacks the capacity and sensitivity to adequately and effectively respond to the needs of victims and survivors.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Health, Consequences, Intervention and Prevenvention

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In this research paper, we introduce the Cost-Quality method an innovative approach for deriving an initial basic feasible solution for the transportation problem. Cost-quantity method is designed to maximize the transportation of goods while simultaneously minimizing the related costs, employing a strategy akin to a weighting method to attain the most effective solution. By taking into account both the volume of goods transported and the transportation expenses, Cost-quantity method endeavours to deliver an optimal or near-optimal solution to tackle transportation challenges. This research contributes to the progress of identifying initial basic feasible solutions in transportation issues, providing insights into the creation of more efficient and effective strategies for addressing real-world optimization problems. With Cost-quantity method, those solving transportation problems can experience improved solution quality and computational efficiency, resulting in optimized resource utilization and cost savings.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Transportation problem, initial basic feasible solution, Cost-Quality method, optimization, resource allocation.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Insomnia is a highly prevalent sleep disorder marked by persistent difficulty in falling asleep or maintaining sleep, even when sufficient opportunity for rest is available, leading to daytime dysfunction. It has significant consequences for cognitive function, emotional health, and overall well-being. In the Unani system of medicine, insomnia is identified as Sahr and is regarded as an independent disease entity associated with disturbances in humoral equilibrium and altered Miz?j (temperament). Although classical Unani scholars have described its causative factors in detail, these accounts are scattered across various traditional manuscripts and lack organized synthesis. Therefore, a systematic compilation and critical reinterpretation of the Unani concept of insomnia is necessary to strengthen its contemporary clinical applicability. Objective: To systematically compile, critically analyse, and update the Unani concept of the etiopathogenesis of Sahr (insomnia). Materials and Methods: An extensive literature review was undertaken by consulting classical Unani texts that describe Sahr (insomnia). Relevant details concerning its Asb?b (causes) and mechanisms of development were identified and systematically organised. Furthermore, published review articles, empirical research studies, and trustworthy online resources were scrutinised to integrate contemporary perspectives. Results: The analysis demonstrated that classical Unani literature identifies various causative factors for Sahr, such as the imbalance of humours, disturbances in temperament, psychological issues, and factors related to lifestyle. The gathered and critically examined data facilitated the development of a coherent and modernised etiopathogenetic model. Conclusion: This review offers a redefined and cohesive understanding of the etiopathogenesis of insomnia from the Unani viewpoint. The revised conceptual framework has the potential to enhance clinical practice, improve patient outcomes, and promote more logical and evidence-based therapeutic methods in Unani medicine.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Unani Medicine, Insomnia, Sahr, S?'-i-Miz?j Y?bis, Asbab.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: All over the world, women are facing different challenges, among them the increase in violence with increasing in life developments and the accelerating in social change. In spite of numerous numbers of studies imply the impact of socialization and tradition on women subordination, and the advocated ideas of democracy and secularism support women movement and needs as well, women across the world aspirations are still far from achieving the optimum situation. The current paper reviews the role of gender inequality and the associated aspects, and highlighting the principles of the physical differences between women and men that may explain why men play as the principal factor in violence against women. Keywords: Women; Violence; Gender; Inequality;

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Violence against women and law

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Diverse factors contributed to the growth of communist movement in Kerala. Beyond resistance against feudal lords and state, the communist party provided various services, encompassing disaster relief, agricultural production enhancement initiatives, and literacy programs. The establishment of reading rooms (vayanasalas) played a crucial role in educating the illiterates and fostering political awareness among them. It was the primary school teachers within the party who spearheaded their establishment, thereby promoting literacy. During the second quarter of the 20th century, these reading rooms disseminated communist ideology, thereby establishing a strong foundation for the communist movement in Kerala, particularly in north Malabar.The tradition of vayanasala movement helped communist party to a great extent escape from the fossilisation process in the period of crisis.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

vayanasala, socialists, communist party, literacy, night classes

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Within biophysical framework, plant growth and yield formation are traditionally explained through biochemical regulation, gene expression, and metabolic allocation. However, these processes operate within an unavoidable physical boundary condition: accumulated biological mass must be stabilized under persistent gravitational loading within confined architectures such as cell walls, seed coats, vascular bundles, and canopy-soil interfaces. This manuscript reformulates intrinsic gravitation as a structural constraint rather than a force competing with metabolism. Intrinsic gravitation refers to mass-dependent internal loading that arises as biomass accumulates within bounded plant structures. Extrinsic gravitation denotes the persistent Earth gravitational field that establishes vertical reference and hydrostatic baseline. Conceptual continuity is drawn from stellar hydrostatic equilibrium and geophysical isostatic balance as archetypes of mass-pressure stabilization. A compact balance framework unifies hydrostatic, osmotic, elastic, and active stresses in negotiating gravitational loading. The framework is applied across plant phenomena: cellular densification preceding expansion; seed germination as confinement-threshold release; vascular transport as a pressure-mass continuum; root-shoot allocation as compensatory stabilization; stand density and self-thinning as mass-stability scaling; pressure-state modulation of plasmodesmata and sieve tubes; rhythmic growth as mass-pressure oscillation; yield-component compensation; and age-dependent decline in relative growth rate. By repositioning gravity as a structural boundary condition rather than an energetic driver, this work proposes architectural continuity across astrophysical accretion, geophysical stabilization, and plant structural scaling.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Intrinsic gravitation; agriculture; hydrostatic equilibrium; osmotic-elastic coupling; turgor mechanics; seed germination; phloem pressure-flow; xylem hydraulics; plant allometry; metabolic scaling; stand density; self-thinning; yield compensation; mechanobiology; mass-stability scaling.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Environmental marketing (popularly known as Green marketing) refers to the process of selling products and/or services based on their environmental benefits. Such a product or service may be eco-friendly in it or produced and/or packaged in an environmental friendly way. There were three long phases in the evolution of the much glorified green marketing. The first phase was known as the ecological phase. The second phase was called the environmental phase. The third phase is termed as the sustainable phase. Unfortunately, green marketing approach is largely used as a publicity stunt by the corporate houses in order to make a difference in the consumer's point of view. To avoid green marketing short-sightedness, the future success of product dematerialization and more sustainable services will depend on convincingly communicating and delivering consumer-desired worth in the marketplace.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Green Marketing, Ecological, Sustainable, Marketplace.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The main aim of our study is the incorporation of polymeric nanoparticles and solid lipid nanoparticles containing Lovastatin into transdermal patches. In our study, Lovastatin was selected because it possesses the ideal characteristics that a drug should have for formulating into a transdermal drug delivery system that includes high lipid solubility, low molecular mass, effective in low plasma concentration as well as a high degree of first pass metabolism. The aim of our study mainly supports for the prevention of first pass metabolism and achieve the controlled release. By using various phosphate buffer solutions, solubility studies were conducted and based upon their results phosphate buffer of pH 6.8with 1% Tween 20 was selected as a medium for invitro studies. By using FT-IR, compatibility studies were performed between the drug Lovastatin and excipients used in the formulation. In the nano particulated formulation there was no interaction between the drug and the excipients was shown by the compatibility studies. Solvent evaporation method was employed for the preparation of PLNs by using Chitosan, PLA, and PCL as polymers. Micro emulsion technique was employed for the preparation of SLNs by using Stearic acid, cholesterol and Glyceryl mono stearate as lipids. The prepared PLNs (SP1 to SP12) and SLNs (SL1 to SL6) formulations were evaluated in case of various parameters like morphology, particle size, zeta potential, PDI and invitro drug release and the results of the above parameters were observed to be in the desired range. With different concentrations of HPMC, the formulations SP4 and SL6 were selected and incorporated into transdermal patch. Evaluation for the various parameters was done for the prepared patches (TPN1toTPN3and SLNP1toSLNP3) and the results were recorded individually. Based on the results obtained TPN1 and SLNP2 were selected for formulating the transdermal patches by incorporating different permeation enhancers. Evaluation was done for the transdermal formulations (PLP1 to PLP12 and SLP1 toSLP12) and the results were recorded individually. PLP12 (Span 80 as permeation enhancer) and SLP9 (DMSO as permeation enhancer) were observed to be the best formulation and were selected and subjected to in vivo analysis separately and were compared with and without permeation enhancers patches. These final patches showed a significant decrease in the serum cholesterol, LDL, VLDL & triglycerides levels and have increased the HDL and total protein levels significantly.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Lovastatin, triglycerides, zeta potential, serum cholesterol.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: In the coming years, advertisers are expected to shift and spend millions in internet advertising than, print ads, TV and other traditional advertising media. With the rapid growth in technology, the internet is becoming a very important one stop point for the consumers in solving most of their needs. Be it entertainment, communication, information search shopping, internet serves as a platform for all their requirements. Every day, many of the consumers are online for their personal work, but whether they notice the advertisements, banners displayed on that webpage, and most important their recall value is a matter to be checked out. The current study investigated the effectiveness of Internet advertising on Consumer behavior by conducting a study among consumers in Kannur district in Kerala. The study intended to determine the effectiveness of internet advertising on a reach. It also aimed at determining the relationship between internet advertising and purchase decision. The target population was the consumers from different parts of Kannur district in the state of Kerala. The study used stratified sampling technique to select 50 respondents. The primary data was collected using a well drafted questionnaire. Later it was analysed through means, percentages, frequencies and standard deviations. The study found that due to diverse usage internet advertising was effective on reach and creation of awareness, and established that internet has a wide scope in marketing products. Internet advertising has significant relationship with purchase decision of the consumers and therefore is a key determinant in influencing consumer behaviour. The study determined that there is a positive relationship between consumer purchase decision and internet advertising.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Internet advertising, World wide Web, Marketing

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract Due to rapidly changing business environment, the organization are notable to provide secure employment and that is why the attitudes and values of people in work are also changing and they are less willing to display unconditional commitment to the organization and as noted by Guest, 2002, the decline of work as central life interest along with conflicting demands of work results in an imbalance between work and rest of life. The attitude towards life too is rapidly changing among the youth today. They believe in working hard and partying harder. They like to travel, socialize, pursue hobbies, take up adventure sports etc. When they do not get time for these activities, they are gripped by frustration and unhappiness.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Conflict, Stress, Job Performance and Difficulties

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition