Volume 9 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

The latest catchword in educational circle is constructivism which is applied to both learning theory and epistemology. Constructivist approach to learning based on distinctly different epistemic and pedagogical assumptions than classical approaches to instructional design. Here the role of the teacher is as a facilitator who encourage learners to reflect, analyze, design and develop the process of knowledge construction and the learners are active agents who engage in own knowledge construction by integrating new information into their schema. It is mainly attributed to the work Jean Piaget. Constructivist approach contributes tow part one is advantages and second is disadvantages. In learner centred learning teacher guides student in building their own knowledge. Student actively engaged in their learning process and other side constructivist classroom difficult to break the cycle of those who have been thought in a classroom they were expected to solely absorb information. In present paper discusses the conceptual underpinning of constructivist learning approach. This paper gives a brief outline of constructivism.

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 Keywords

Constructivism learning, Construction, knowledge, learners.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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A Forest resource Usage to meet the demands of human being has an impact on the forest resources. Forest resources are critically declining because of population growth, environmental hazards and poverty in developing countries. The Bale Eco Region in South-Central Ethiopia has also experienced massive degradation of natural resources due to their unwise use and population pressure and agricultural livelihood strategies strongly depend on natural resources resulting in decreasing trend of forest coverage. The purpose of the study was to investigate the forest resource utilization constraints and their temporal change in Bale Eco Region, Southeast Ethiopia. Both qualitative and quantitative cross sectional study designs were employed. Data was collected using HH survey, in depth interview, focus group discussion and field observation. Data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were implemented by using SPSS software version 20. Chi-Square test, frequencies and percentage were used to compare differences among variables with respect to the three agro-ecologies and statistical significance was decreased at P ? 0.05. Qualitative data was first transcribed to texts in local language then retranslated to English for writing the report. Data analysis was done after categorizing the transcripts. The information obtained from quantitative and qualitative sources were triangulated to ensure the relevance of the results of the study. Based on the finding of the study trends of Forest coverage probability (p=0.00) and Forest Species diversify = (0.00), were significantly difference. Physical, technological and extension services were among the constraints that are identified to influence forest and other natural resources utilization in the three agro-ecologies of BER. Lack of technology and lack of science based knowledge were among of the critical constraints that reported by majority of the respondents that limit them from utilizing their forest resources. Almost in all agro-ecologies, low and scarcity of rainfall, Agricultural expansion , Illegal settlement, inaccessibility, Unwise utilization lack of water sources Weak laws & regulations enforcement High demand on forest products was the common constraints of. It is recommended that concerned bodies should minimize constraints of responsible forest resource utilizations and temporal forest resources degradation in BER.

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Agro-ecology, Constraints, forest Resource, Trends, Usage of forest Resource

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Index Terms- Concre wall, Polystyrene panels, Shotcrete, Conventional Brick, Low Cost Housing Scheme.

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Data comparators are key arithmetic units used in digital systems to know whether two numbers are equal, or one number is less than or greater than other number. In this work a novel Area and power efficient multiplexer based Data comparator is proposed. The proposed method uses multiplexer to implement borrow equation in a full subtractor .which acts as a elementary processing element of a Data Comparator. The proposed designs are implemented in Dsch tool for gate level designs of AND gate ,OR gate, Multiplexer, Barrow generation unit and high and low value output units and verilog file is generated . Microwind tool is used to get layouts for different Models of Mosfet and different technologies. The moderations in the existing borrow equation of a full subtractor using multiplexer only resulted in reduced number of transistors with lower power. It was found that a 8 bit data comparator will require only 110 transistors and dissipates 17.25uw of power for 90nm technology

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Data comparators are key arithmetic units used in digital systems to know whether two numbers are equal, or one number is less than or greater than other number. In this work a novel Area and power efficient multiplexer based Data comparator is proposed. The proposed method uses multiplexer to implement borrow equation in a full subtractor .which acts as a elementary processing element of a Data Comparator. The proposed designs are implemented in Dsch tool for gate level designs of AND gate ,OR

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Due to COVID 19 pandemic, many projects in the construction sector around the globe were affected adversely in various aspects. Many were stopped and many were put on hold. This research was to understand the intensity of impact of the pandemic on construction cost and to seek out methods on how these profound challenges can be managed? The objectives of this research were (i) Studying the impact over construction sector and intensity of impact over cost and (ii) Identify ways to achieve cost control in the projects during such pandemic situation. The methodology applied for this research includes (i) Literature review to comprehend and assess historic data and to understand the ideas regarding optimization of workspace in built environment, better ways to communicate and resolve problems, etc. (ii) Data collection by questionnaire survey to understand the impact in India. The targeted participants were people connected to construction industry i.e., Clients, Contractor, Consultant, and other Professionals from Built Environment sector. (iii) Case Study - to validate the responses received from survey, comparison was done with actual data collected from the case study of an ongoing project. The data collected by questionnaire survey were critically analyzed, which revealed cost impact on the construction projects. And it also shows, the changes that are about to, or need to happen in construction sector which will develop/improve the usual practices, to achieve cost effective, cost efficient and optimized working conditions. The results received from survey responses were validated using actual data collected from a case study of an ongoing project. The outbreak did not affect the construction industry severely but it experienced delays and rising cost. Due to current pandemic situation, the areas in a construction industry which got impacted the more were cash flow, work force and project schedule. The level of impact on the Manpower was the strongest and by survey and case study it`s been found the cost-impact due to increase in cost of Labour was about 20-50% due to the social distancing and social panic, availability of labors was scarce. The results will assist us to be ready to face such situation or crisis in future.

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 Keywords

Cost Impact, Cost Control, Construction Project, Cost Impact Analysis, COVID-19, Pandemic

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Gold investment options, women gold investors, preference, awareness level and satisfaction level.

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Financial assistance through banking CSPs, have proved to be a boon for the economic development of rural population in India. An attempt has been made in the present chapter to analyze the state of financial assistance and the role of banking CSPs in achieving full financial assistance in rural India. The journey of financial inclusion through banking CSPs in India has been critically appraised. Some of the important outcomes that can be highlighted are increased banking access of rural population in past few years together with the huge expansion in banking infrastructure through banking CSPs in rural areas. The Government of India has been transformed the financial assistance with the banking CSPs in COVID-19 Period. On Decreasing trends of COVID-19 in India, still a challenge in the way of financial assistance. The journey of financial assistance on the wheels of banking CSPs is still in search of the ultimate destination, and it will take miles to achieve full financial assistance.

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The paper is based on field survey .The field visits were undertaken in the villages of Dhanbad district in Jharkhand.

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Breastfeeding, Complementary feeding, Colostrum, Exclusive Breastfeeding, Pre-lacteal Feed.

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Covid 19, Digital/Electronic Payment System, Practice/Usage, Recognition level

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BACKGROUND: Physically handicapped children are facing the problems like maternal deprivation, lack of interest to do the activities, lack of personality, depression, anxiety, stress, low self-esteem, lack of education and lack of tender loving care. Writing therapy can lead to a reduction in stress, anxiety, better sleep, a strong system, improved relationships, better academic results, improved performance at work and even a better memory. MATERIAL & METHODS: A Pre experimental study was conducted to evaluate the Effectiveness of Writing therapy on anxiety among 30 differently abled adolescents by using purposive sampling technique. Zung Self Rating Anxiety Scale (1997) was used to assess the level of anxiety and writing therapy was implemented in the form of dig wide-dig deep exercise, expressive writing and answering to writing the prompt questions, daily with the duration of 30-40 minutes per group for 15 sessions. RESULTS: During pretest, among 30 samples 90% had marked to severe level of anxiety and 10% had mild to moderate level anxiety. In posttest 63.33% samples had mild to moderate anxiety whereas 20% had normal range and least percentage (16.67%) of the samples had marked to severe level of anxiety. The paired t-test value (t=14.5) showed highly significant at p ? 0.01. It indicates that writing therapy was effective in reducing the level of anxiety among differently abled adolescents. CONCLUSION: Writing therapy could potentially be a cheap and easily accessible option to improve both physical and psychological health among various populations that would require minimal input from health care professionals.

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 Keywords

Writing Therapy, Anxiety, Adolescents

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition