Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

There are many uses by agriculture wastes, some of the Agro- wastes are husks, vegetables and fruits peels, maize or corn stalks and cobs, soybean husk, grass clippings and some other crop residues. Mostly fungi is used in biodegradation of agro wastes but it is cost effective to convert these crop wastes into useful products. Fermentative and edible food fungi is mostly used in daily life to gain essential nutrients, this review mostly focus on Pleurotus ostreatus commonly called as oyster mushrooms.It is also known as saprophytic basidiomycetes fungus these mushrooms are mostly grown in dead and decaying plants and biomass.

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A REVIEW ON BIODEGRADATION OF AGRO-WASTE BY FUNGI FERMENTATIVE AND EDIBLE FOOD FUNGI (PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS MUSHROOMS)

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Eclipta alba has been traditionally used in folk remedy, both Ayurveda and Siddha. The herb Eclipta alba contains many bioactive components such as coumestans i.e. wedelolactone and demethylwedelolactone, triterpenes, flavonoids, steroids, polypeptides, polyacetylenes and thiophene-derivatives. The plant is known to have some important pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, antinociceptive, analgesic, antinflammatory, antiviral, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory activity, etc. Traditionally, it is used as an immunomodulator, antioxidant, hair growth promoter, for rejuvenation, dehydration, and skin disorders. The reported uses include anticancer, hepatoprotective, antiulcer, antihyperlipedemic, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiabetic activity[1].Th[e traditional knowledge with its holistic and systematic approach supported through experimental base can serve as an innovative and powerful discovery of natural 5?-reductase inhibitor. E. alba shows no signs of toxicity in rats and mice.

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bioactive compounds of E. alba and their role in microbial pathogen control.

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Staphylococcus aureus is a ubiquitous, opportunistic bacterium that both spoils food and causes staphylococcal food poisoning through preformed enterotoxins. This review summarizes its prevalence in foods, mechanisms that allow survival and toxinogenesis (including biofilm formation), clinical importance of enterotoxins, detection methods, and practical control strategies in food production and handling. Key research gaps and future directions are highlighted.

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A short Review on Staphylococcus aureus

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Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short, naturally occurring molecules that play a crucial role in the innate immune defense of virtually all living organisms. These peptides exhibit potent activity against a broad range of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and even certain parasites. In recent years, AMPs have gained significant attention as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics, particularly amid escalating global antibiotic resistance. This review provides a detailed overview of AMP structure, classification, and mechanisms of action, highlights their potential therapeutic applications, and discusses current challenges and future perspectives in their development as clinically viable antimicrobial agents.

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A Review on Antimicrobial Peptides

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ThegenusLactobacillusconsistsofGram-positive,non-spore-forming,lacticacid- producingbacteriathatinhabithumanandanimalmucosalsurfacesandfermented foods.Increasinglystudiedasprobiotics,lactobacillihavebeenassociatedwithbenefitsforguthealth,metabolicandimmuneregulation,andpreventionof gastrointestinaldisorders.Atthesametime,emergingevidencehighlightsstrain- specificdifferencesinefficacy,andraresafetyconcerns(e.g.,bacteremia)inimmunocompromisedhosts.Thisreviewsummarisesthetaxonomy,physiology, mechanismsofaction,clinicalevidenceandsafetyconsiderationsofLactobacillus.It alsoidentifiesgapsintheliteratureandproposesdirectionsforfutureresearch.

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A REVIEW ON LACTOBACILLUS BACTERIA

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This study examined the socio-economic determinants affecting workforce efficiency among public health personnel, with the aim of identifying key factors and proposing evidence-based interventions to support these dedicated professionals. Utilizing a quantitative-correlational research design, the study gathered valuable insights from 353 public health professionals across Central Luzon. Findings revealed that socio-economic determinants including income, job security, and living conditions received neutral assessments (grand mean = 3.31), indicating a stable foundation with opportunities for enhancement. Education, notably, was viewed positively (M = 3.99), demonstrating strong professional preparation. Encouragingly, workplace factors such as collaboration and teamwork (M = 4.09), role clarity (M = 4.04), management support (M = 3.75), organizational culture (M = 3.72), and overall satisfaction (M = 3.64) all garnered favorable ratings. Workforce efficiency achieved a commendable grand mean of 3.85, reflecting strong performance levels among health professionals. Correlation analysis revealed meaningful relationships between income and organizational culture (p = 0.030), education and overall satisfaction (p = 0.030), and living conditions with both collaboration (p = 0.024) and workplace culture (p = 0.001). These connections provide valuable insights into areas where targeted support could yield the greatest positive impact. The key areas where additional support would be most beneficial were identified as workforce capacity and workload distribution (84.4%), opportunities to enhance compensation structures and timeliness (81.3%), medical supplies and equipment availability (78.2%), optimizing patient-to-staff ratios (75.1%), and upgrading facility conditions (72%). Supportive measures proposed included strategic hiring initiatives, wellness programs, competitive salary standardization, strengthened procurement systems, balanced workload distribution, digital innovation adoption, and facility modernization. The study concluded that while workplace environment and workforce efficiency demonstrated positive outcomes, socio-economic factors present valuable opportunities for growth and development. Recommendations emphasized integrated, supportive policy interventions addressing compensation equity, professional development opportunities, infrastructure modernization, and comprehensive employee welfare programs to further enhance both job satisfaction and service delivery excellence in public health settings.

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socio-economic determinants, workforce efficiency, public health professionals, health service delivery

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Blue-greenalgae,ormoreexactly, photosynthetic prokaryotescyanobacteriaplaya pivotalroleinglobalecosystems;theyaretheancientmicrobiallifeamongthemost earlyoxygenating organisms onEarth and thus contributed highly toatmospheric evolutionary change.Their preferred conditions extend over freshwater versus marinesystems right through extremes of hotsprings and deserts.Theyshow enormous metabolic diversity whereby processes such as nitrogenfixation,carbon sequestration, and sequestration of secondary metabolites can be included. The aspectsinvolveagriculture,biofuelgeneration,orenvironmentalremediationapplied in biotechnology.However, onlysome percentages allow ecological issues sinceit brings harmfulalgalblooms(HABs)thatintroducetoxins.Discussedhere beloware thetaxonomy-structure-ecology-interventions thatsupportsustainabledevelopment and management intervention.

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ReviewArticleonCyanobacteria

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The genus Alcanivorax is a group of marine bacteria that has the capacity to degrade hydrocarbons, and they are important agents in bioremediation in marine oil-polluted environments; once hydrocarbons enter the water column, these bacteria can become numerically dominant in oil-afflicted waters, and use alkanes as their primary source of carbon. This article discusses Alcanivorax taxonomy, hydrocarbon degradation mechanisms, ecological functions, and methods of either stimulating or inhibiting Alcanivorax activity in marine ecosystems. Overall, more knowledge of Alcanivorax species will provide a knowledge base for biotechnological advances for sustainable bioremediation of marine oil spills.

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REVIEW ARTICLE ON ALCANIVORAX BACTERIA: A KEY PLAYER IN MARINE HYDROCARBON DEGRADATION

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The global transition towards electric mobility has created an urgent need for intelligent and efficient electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure. Conventional charging systems lack automation, remote monitoring capabilities, and the ability to interact with the power grid, leading to potential grid strain and inefficient energy consumption. This paper presents the design and simulation of a smart, automatic EV charging system leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT). The proposed system utilizes a NodeMCU (ESP8266) microcontroller as its core, integrated with voltage and current sensors to monitor the battery's state of charge (SoC). A relay module is employed to automatically control the charging process, preventing overcharging and enhancing battery longevity. The system communicates with an IoT cloud platform via the MQTT protocol, enabling users to remotely monitor real-time charging parameters and control the charging operation through a web-based dashboard. The complete system architecture, hardware, software logic, and simulation approach are detailed, demonstrating a cost-effective, reliable, and user-friendly solution for modern EV charging.

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Electric Vehicles (EVs), Internet of Things (IoT), Smart Charging, Energy Management System (EMS), NodeMCU, MQTT.

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This study investigated on "Achievement Motivation among undergraduate students". The study was Survey in nature. Achievement motivation tool was used to collect the data and this tool was developed by Prof.Pratibha Deo and Dr.Asha Mohan. For the present study researcher has adopted stratified random sampling technique. Objectives and hypothesis were to study the level of Achievement Motivation. To study the difference in Achievement Motivation among undergraduate students with respect to streams (Arts, Commerce, and Science). To study the difference in Achievement Motivation among Undergraduate Students with respect to Gender. To study the difference in Achievement Motivation among Undergraduate students with respect to type of college. Researcher selected 180 students of undergraduate studying in two colleges. In the present study t-test ANOVA and Correlation was used to analyze the data by using SPSS. The study examined achievement motivation showed significant variation across the three streams (F = 27.742, p < 0.05). This highlights that students from different academic disciplines have different levels of motivation, possibly due to varying academic demands and career prospects. Male students exhibited significantly higher achievement motivation (t=3.988, p < 0.05) compared to female students, indicating that males may be more driven toward academic success than females in this sample. There was no significant difference in achievement motivation between students from government and private colleges (t = 0.734), indicating that institutional type does not have a considerable impact on students' motivation to achieve.

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Motivation, Achievement Motivation and Undergraduate students,

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