Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Transport infrastructure plays a critical role in shaping economic growth, employment generation and regional development, particularly in emerging economies. Among the various modes, railways occupy a strategic position owing to their ability to move large volumes of passengers and freight at relatively low unit costs while fostering market integration and industrial linkages. This study examines the role of Indian Railways in generating employment and contributing to regional economic development in India. Using secondary data drawn from the Indian Railways Year Books, Ministry of Railways Annual Reports, Economic Survey of India, NITI Aayog publications, and RBI state-level statistics, this study adopts a mixed quantitative approach. A descriptive analysis is employed to examine employment trends and capital expenditure, while employment multipliers are used to estimate direct, indirect, and induced employment effects. Additionally, a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences (DiD) framework is applied to assess the impact of railway connectivity upgrades on regional economic outcomes. The study findings reveal that Indian Railways remains one of the largest public-sector employers, with renewed recruitment and rising capital investment in the post-pandemic period. Employment multiplier estimates indicate that railway operations and infrastructure investment generate substantial indirect and induced employment across allied sectors such as construction, logistics, manufacturing, MSMEs, and services. Regional analysis shows that districts with improved railway connectivity experience significantly higher industrial investment, employment growth, and wage levels than non-connected regions. Overall, the study concludes that Indian Railways functions not only as a transportation backbone but also as a powerful engine for employment generation and balanced regional development. This study offers policy-relevant insights for leveraging railway investment to promote inclusive growth and long-term economic resilience in India.

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 Keywords

Indian Railways (IR), employment generation, infrastructure investment, regional development, employment multipliers, Difference-in-Differences.

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Bangladesh is one of the most climate-vulnerable countries in the world, frequently exposed to floods, cyclones, storm surges, riverbank erosion, and rising temperatures. These climate-induced hazards pose serious threats to the built environment, particularly to housing and critical infrastructure. This study examines the concept and practice of climate-resilient construction in Bangladesh with the aim of identifying effective strategies for building a safer and more sustainable future. The research analyzes existing construction practices, climate-related risks, and policy frameworks, alongside case studies of resilient housing and infrastructure projects implemented in vulnerable regions. Emphasis is given to the use of locally available materials, innovative design techniques, elevated structures, flood-resistant foundations, wind-resistant roofing systems, and environmentally sustainable construction methods. The study also explores the role of government regulations, community participation, and capacity building in promoting climate resilience. Findings indicate that integrating climate-responsive design, appropriate technology, and strong institutional support can significantly reduce disaster-related losses and enhance long-term sustainability. The study concludes that climate-resilient construction is not only a technical necessity but also a socio-economic imperative for Bangladesh, requiring coordinated efforts among policymakers, engineers, planners, and local communities to ensure safe, affordable, and adaptive infrastructure development.

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Climate-resilient construction, Bangladesh, disaster risk reduction, sustainable infrastructure, resilient housing, cyclone-resistant structures

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Effective grievance redressal is fundamental to ensuring transparency, accountability, and trust within educational institutions. Despite its importance, many colleges and universities continue to rely on manual or fragmented digital mechanisms for grievance handling, which are often inefficient, non-transparent, and poorly scalable. These limitations result in delayed responses, inadequate follow-up, and reduced student confidence in institutional support systems. The proposed system introduces a mobile-based grievance management application that enables students to securely submit grievances, track complaint status, and receive real-time updates. The application is developed using Flutter with Firebase as the backend to ensure secure authentication, scalable data management, and real-time grievance handling, thereby fostering a student-centric and transparent academic environment.

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Grievance Redressal System, College Students, Flutter, Firebase, Mobile Application, Transparency, Accountability

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This paper investigates the similarities that exist between colonial education systems and current skill development initiatives in India. It particularly focuses on skill-based education programs that focus largely on English, that is training for soft skills, as provided under the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) and Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) programs. The study used postcolonial theory, and discourse analysis, in addition to empirical evidence gathered from both media investigations and audit reports to demonstrate the continuing relevance of colonial pedagogical principles in today's India. By following a line of thought originating with the 1835 Minute on Indian Education by Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay through its evolution to a modern-day neoliberal model of government, it can be shown that the linguistic economic capital afforded to graduates of these skill-development programs helps facilitate the ongoing control and exclusion of India through a colonial framework. The analysis reveals that skill-development initiatives often transform rural youth into measurable outputs rather than autonomous subjects, thereby sustaining linguistic imperialism and epistemic dependence. The paper ultimately contends that meaningful decolonization requires reimagining education beyond employability-driven, English-dominated frameworks.

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Skill Development, Soft Skills, Postcolonial Theory, Linguistic Imperialism, Decolonization

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? I ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????/????????????/???????/?????? /?????? - ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???; ????? ????, ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ??????, ???? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? **???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????,???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? , ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???, ???? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??????, ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???, ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???, ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??, ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? (???? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???? ????????)? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????,?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????????????, ???????, ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ????????, ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???, ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? **????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? , ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? , ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ,???? ???? ???? ?????????? , ???????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????, ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? , ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????,????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? , ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? I???, ????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? , ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????, ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????, ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????, ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? , ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? I ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? I ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? I

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#????????#UNIFORM#????????????? ????? ????????#????#????

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Drug abuse among children is emerging as a serious social and legal concern in India, posing significant threats to physical, psychological, and social development of the children. This research examines the multifaceted causes and consequences of drug use among children, focusing on genetic, psychosocial, and socioeconomic factors that contribute to substance dependence. In India Despite the existence of stringent legal frameworks, children remain vulnerable to drug addiction due to peer influence, social instability, and inadequate preventive mechanisms. The study highlights the growing link between drug abuse and juvenile delinquency, as affected children often become entrapped in cycles of crime and problematic behaviour. Furthermore, the paper explores the pivotal role of the Indian judiciary in combating this issue through judicial activism, landmark judgments, and policy interventions aimed at safeguarding the rights of the children. It evaluates the effectiveness of existing laws, rehabilitation programs, and awareness initiatives while emphasizing the need for stronger enforcement and inter-sectoral collaboration. By adopting a socio-legal perspective, this research seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the drug abuse crisis among children in India and proposes strategic measures to mitigate its long-term impact on the nation's youth and society.

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Drug abuse, socio-economic, juvenile delinquency, rehabilitation, safeguarding

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Cervical cancer remains a major public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, despite being largely preventable. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as the primary etiological factor, highlighting the critical role of both primary and secondary prevention strategies. Advances in vaccination programs, sexual health education, and lifestyle modifications constitute the cornerstone of primary prevention, while early detection through high-performance HPV testing, cytology, and visual inspection-based screening facilitates timely intervention. Management strategies are tailored according to disease stage: early-stage cervical cancer is primarily treated with radical hysterectomy or fertility-sparing surgery, whereas locally advanced disease relies on concurrent chemoradiation with brachytherapy. Recurrent, persistent, and metastatic cases increasingly benefit from systemic chemotherapy combined with targeted therapies, including anti-VEGF agents and immunotherapy, with emerging modalities such as antibody-drug conjugates and induction chemotherapy showing promising results. Despite these advances, challenges remain in accessibility, treatment-related morbidity, and the integration of novel therapies in resource-limited settings. This review comprehensively examines current prevention, screening, and treatment strategies, highlighting the global progress and ongoing challenges in cervical cancer care, and underscores the importance of a multi-faceted approach to ultimately reduce disease burden and improve survival outcomes.

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Cervical cancer; HPV; Screening; Vaccination; Prevention; Treatment; Immunotherapy; Chemoradiation; Early detection; Pathogenesis.

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Air pollution in Indian cities constitutes one of the most severe forms of negative externality in contemporary environmental economics, where private decision-making systematically diverges from socially optimal outcomes. This paper examines the economic dimensions of air pollution externalities in major Indian urban centers through the analytical framework of market failure theory. Using data from twenty non-attainment cities identified under the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), the study quantifies the social costs of particulate matter (PM?.? and PM??) using the Value of Statistical Life (VSL) and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) approaches adapted to Indian income conditions. The analysis estimates that air pollution imposes an annual welfare loss of approximately INR7.2-8.6 lakh crore, equivalent to 3-4 percent of India's GDP. The paper further investigates how uninternalized pollution externalities distort housing, labor, and healthcare markets, resulting in reduced property values, productivity losses, and increased health expenditures. A comparative cost-effectiveness evaluation of existing regulatory instruments--command-and-control measures, pollution charges, and emission trading schemes--demonstrates that market-based instruments achieve pollution reduction at substantially lower economic cost. The study proposes an integrated policy framework combining Pigouvian taxation, cap-and-trade mechanisms, and limited Coasian bargaining solutions tailored to India's institutional context. The findings underline the urgency of internalizing environmental externalities to improve economic efficiency, public health outcomes, and long-term urban sustainability.

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Environmental Economics, Air Pollution, Externalities, Market Failure, Pigouvian Tax, Emission Trading, Urban Economics, India

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The systematic literature review discusses how digital media and AI & Algorithms have interchangeably co-evolved, significantly transforming to the modern-day election campaigns. Three main questions guide the review: How have digital media and AI& Algorithms-driven strategies transformed traditional political campaign models over time? What are the key technological and social drivers influencing modern political campaign strategies? How do academic frameworks and methodologies analyse the impact of AI and digital media on political campaigns? PRISMA, which stands for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses, is a standardized literature review method employed to retrieve 26 publications reporting 65 studies in total from Elsevier's Mendeley--all Open-Access research articles--on Political Campaign Strategies from the years 2023 and 2024. A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, along with Thematic Analysis, which was employed to identify key recurring themes, focusing on the involvement of digital platforms and AI & Algorithm-driven campaign strategies in modern electoral politics. The review highlights a growing interest in Electoral Campaign Strategies between 2023 and 2024. An examination of various studies indicates a significant rise in digital campaign strategies for voter engagement, as platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube serving as central tools in digital political campaign. Furthermore, AI & Algorithm-driven campaigns raise concerns over the spread of misinformation and emotional manipulation to shape political discourse. Games as new campaign spaces strongly push modern political campaign strategies ensuring its persistence in the digital domain. The study highlights the need to assess the longterm impact of algorithm-driven election campaigns and the role of digital political marketing beyond social media. It also provides researchers with opportunities for future exploration, particularly in developing strong regulatory frameworks to ensure ethical digital campaigning 2 and integrate democratic norms in the digital era. The study explores limited number of publications on campaign strategies in non-Western democracies, presenting opportunities for future research.

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Political Campaign Strategies, Digital Media in Elections, AI & Algorithm-driven Campaigns, PRISMA Systematic Review, Thematic Analysis, Voter Engagement, Misinformation in Elections, Social Media in Politics, Digital Political Marketing, Regulatory Frameworks in Elections

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The aim of the study to evaluate the phytochemical properties, shelf life, and clinical effectiveness of Alocen gel (a formulation of Aloe vera and Centella asiatica) in reducing intravenous (IV)-induced thrombophlebitis among hospitalized patients. A one-group pretest-post-test design was adopted. The effectiveness of Alocen gel was assessed using the Modified Phlebitis Assessment Scale. Phytochemical analysis (albumin denaturation and heat-induced hemolysis assays) and microbial testing were conducted to establish anti-inflammatory activity and safety, while shelf-life stability was observed over 30 days. Statistical analysis included paired t-test and chi-square test. Phytochemical assays confirmed significant anti-inflammatory activity with a dose- dependent increase in inhibition, and microbial testing revealed the absence of harmful organisms. Shelf-life testing demonstrated stability without Odor or colour changes for 30 days. Clinically, pretest findings showed 75% mild, 15% moderate, and 10% severe thrombophlebitis, with no symptom-free cases. Post-test assessment revealed 85% symptom- free, 11.6% mild, and 3.3% moderate cases, with no severe thrombophlebitis. The mean pretest score (Mean = 1.56, SD = 1.130) reduced to the post-test score (Mean = 0.20, SD = 0.541), with a mean difference of 1.36. The paired t value of 13.412 (p < 0.0001) confirmed high effectiveness. Chi-square analysis indicated significant associations with selected demographic and clinical variables. No adverse reactions were reported. Alocen gel is a safe, stable, and effective herbal preparation for reducing IV- induced thrombophlebitis. Its phytochemical richness and clinical efficacy support its integration as a complementary nursing intervention. Further large-scale and long-term studies are recommended to validate its broader application.

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Thrombophlebitis, Alocen gel, Aloe vera, Centella asiatica, phytotherapy, anti- inflammatory, intravenous therapy

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