Volume 12 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

India's digital payment systems have changed how people handle daily money matters, but not everyone uses them equally. This study examines whether caste and religion, or education level, have a greater effect on people's use of digital payments and investment choices. The research focuses on the urban fringe areas of Bankura city in West Bengal as a representative of a medium-sized city characterized by a moderate rate of urbanization (10-12%) in eastern or central India. This study investigates whether caste and religion or education level more strongly influence digital payment usage and market-linked investment behaviour in the urban fringe of Bankura city, West Bengal. Using primary survey data from 1,483 adults collected in 2024, the analysis applies descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and binary logistic regression. Results reveal that while raw differences appear across caste and religious groups, these largely disappear once education is controlled for. Education emerges as the dominant, highly significant predictor. Each higher level of education multiplies the odds of digital payment adoption by over 4 times (OR = 4.14, p < 0.001), with caste and religion showing no independent effect (p > 0.10). The findings indicate that in transitional peri-urban settings, low educational attainment and income insecurity, rather than social identity, are the primary barriers to financial inclusion.

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 Keywords

Digital payments, Financial behaviour, Education, Caste, Urban fringe, Bankura, Financial inclusion

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By doping calcium glyxolate complex with PVC and plasticizer and subsequently annealing the electrode, an unique calcium ion-selective device was constructed A consistent Nernstian response of 29.97 mV/decade was measured for the electrode. To put it another way, the electrode behaved brilliantly in this investigation, which used it for four months. The linear range was (10-5 to 10)-1 M, with detection limit of 10-5 M and a reaction time between (20 and 60 seconds). Temperature had no effect on electrode efficiency, and the pH range that was found to be adequate for electrode responsiveness was (5-9) at higher concentrations of calcium ions, the electrode's selectivity was higher than the electrode's potentiometric coefficients of selectivity. When precipitation or long-lasting complex structures of calcium ions develop, there is a great deal of interference. Anions or calcium ions could be detected using these interferences. When utilized in conjunction with spectrophotometric methods for calcium determination, this calcium ISE yielded positive and promising findings in the assessment of calcium in drinking water and human blood serum.

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 Keywords

Calcium Ion-Selective Electrode (Ca- ISE) , Glyoxal bis (2-Hydroxyanil) (GBHA), Poly Vinylchloride ( PVC) , Tetrahydro Furan( THF ) , Plasticizer , Ca-BiSTMBPP ion-exchanger.

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Dushyant Kumar Ki Ghazalon Mein Samajik Chetna : Ek Gahan Chintan

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Dushyant Kumar Ki Ghazalon Mein Samajik Chetna : Ek Gahan Chintan

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The present study explores the relationship between creativity and academic achievement among higher secondary students enrolled in the science faculty. Creativity, considered a divine gift and one of humanity's most profound abilities, manifests in originality, imagination, and problem-solving skills. In the rapidly changing era of globalization, urbanization, and technological progress, fostering creativity has become essential for educational success. This research investigates whether science students are inherently creative, whether their creativity differs by locality (rural/urban), type of school (government/private), gender (male/female), and how significantly creativity contributes to academic performance. Using the survey method, the researcher selected a sample of 600 students (300 rural and 300 urban) from 30 higher secondary schools in Udaipur district. Equal representation was ensured across government/private schools and male/female students. To measure creativity, the Passi Test of Creativity (PTC) developed by Dr. P.K. Pasi was employed, consisting of six sub-tests--problem checking, unusual uses, consequences, questioning ability, class puzzles, and block tests. Academic achievement was measured through Class XI annual results. Statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, t-test, and correlation were applied for data analysis. Results showed variability across creativity dimensions, with the highest mean scores recorded in block tests (indicating strong spatial and constructive abilities) and the lowest in questioning ability, suggesting weaker critical inquiry. Significant differences were observed: urban students outperformed rural students in creativity across all sub-tests; private school students showed higher creativity compared to government school students; and male students excelled in problem checking, unusual uses, consequences, and questioning ability, while female students scored better in class puzzles and block tests. Correlation analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship (r = 0.722) between creativity and academic achievement, confirming that higher creativity levels enhance academic outcomes. The study concludes that creativity is a key determinant of success in science education, encouraging innovative thinking, problem-solving, and adaptability. Educational implications emphasize designing teaching strategies that promote imaginative thinking, inquiry-based learning, and opportunities for experimentation. Schools should encourage divergent thinking, minimize rote learning, and provide platforms for students to express originality. By nurturing creativity, students not only improve their academic performance but also develop skills necessary to thrive in the competitive scientific and technological world.

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 Keywords

creativity , academic achievement , higher secondary students ,science faculty. (सृजनात्मकता एवं अकादमिक उपलब्धि)

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It's not an easy to write about the world class two batter because both are the legend in the cricket history. This research paper explained the talent, hard work, dedication, and resilience of these two players. These both players were the master of his cricketing skills. They are world top test players but they were few differences that delight in this study. This study revels Sir Bradman was more successful player when he played on number three. Sunil Gavaskar inspired an entire generation, especially in the cricket-crazy subcontinent. Sunil Gavaskar played against the fastest bowler of world. He scored more than 10,000 runs in just 125 matches. Gavaskar Batting average was better in America in compression of Asia. As an opener Gavaskar was wonderful player but was not successful on batting order number 5 and 6.

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Test match, Cricket, Skills , Stats.

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Abstract: The southern part of Assam mainly consists of three districts viz. Cachar, Karimganj and Hailakandi. These three districts are collectively known as Barak Valley. The Muslims of Barak Valley played a glorious role in the freedom movement of India. Though a section of Muslims under the banner of Muslim League demanded Pakistan, but their demands were strongly countered by the nationalist Muslims of Barak Valley.

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Southern part of Assam, Barak Valley, Muslim Politics, Freedom Movement, Nationalist etc.

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This article analyses how Tulsi Ram reads the city of Varanasi and how he portrays Varanasi in his autobiography Manikarnika, focusing on its entanglement with the caste system and Hindu religious traditions. Drawing from autobiographical experiences, the author reveals how Varanasi functions both as a sacred site of spiritual liberation and as a harsh social space of systemic Dalit exclusion. Tulsi Ram's journey from Azamgarh to Varanasi uncovers the daily humiliations and structural barriers faced by lower-caste individuals in the city Varanasi, especially in accessing education, housing, and social respect. The autobiography is also a site of philosophical transformation, as Tulsi Ram moves from faith to atheism, from caste oppression to self-emancipation, engaging with Marxism, Buddhism, and Ambedkarite thought. The contrast between mythical salvation and social reality is central to his depiction of Varanasi, which he calls both a "city of faith" and a "city of death."

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Varanasi under the shadow of the caste system: The city Varanasi in Tulsi Ram's Autobiography Manikarnika

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Environmental degradation has become a fiercely debated issue across the globe. World community recognises the fact that ecological disasters are major human security threats. The natural environment provides essential necessities without which life on the planet could not be thought of. But unfortunately, ecological misbalances are being experienced around the world as people with their greedy reasoning are exploiting nature unrestrictedly. Everyone across the world is suffering from environmental degradation in one or another form. However, it is also empirically recognised that women are most vulnerable to natural disasters everywhere including India, because of their socio-cultural conditionalities. In other words, ecological degradation has gendered implications. It is also noticeable that due to closer connection to nature, women can play a significant role in protecting natural degradation and sustainable development. For instance, India has been an important case where women have showed their green activism in various movements like Chipko movement and Narmada Bachao movement. Thus the need of the hour is promoting gender green policymaking and incorporating women's voices in the environment concerning the decision-making process.

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Environmental Degradation, Gendered responsibilities, Sustainable Development

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In this review paper, the geometrical properties of algebra norms on the tensor product of C*-algebras are investigated. Initially, algebraic tensor product is discussed, Next, some basic definitions and the structure and properties of different norms on C*-algebras are given. Also, some characterization of nuclear C*-algebras are given and some related properties are discussed.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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C*-algebra, Tensor Product, C*-norms, Nuclear C*-algebra

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition