Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

India's approach to transgender rights have undergone a paradigmatic transformation from cultural acknowledgment in pre-colonial society, colonial criminalization to constitutional recognition as "third gender" through the landmark Supreme Court judgment in National Legal Services Authority v. UOI (2014). This transition represented significant judicial and legislative progress and breakthrough, culminating in the enactment of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 r/w Rules, 2020, which established a statutory framework prohibiting discrimination and mandating welfare provisions across education, employment, and healthcare sectors. However, this advancement conceals a profound disconnect between formal legal recognition and the lived realities of transgender individuals who continue to face entrenched social stigma, systemic discrimination, economic marginalization, and inadequate implementation of protective legislation. The paper systematically elucidates and discusses: the meaning, conceptual clarity surrounding the definitions and various categories making up the transgender spectrum; by tracing the historical trajectory of transgender marginalization to recognition in India; the constitutional and statutory architecture establishing transgender rights in India; by highlighting role of the judiciary in bolstering the transgender rights and empowering the transgender community; by addressing the persistent hardships and challenges faced by transgenders across intersecting domains in their day-to-day life; and additionally provides policy recommendations for substantive legal reforms. The research paper employs doctrinal research methodology by describing and explaining constitutional provisions, judicial precedents and related statute, supplemented by secondary sources like articles, books, journals, newspapers, reports, etc.

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 Keywords

constitutional protection, gender identity, NALSA judgment, judicial precedents, social-stigmatization, third gender, transgender, transgender rights, Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Monika Ali's Brick Lane is a potent mix of bleak fortitude, conflicting cultures and wonderful lyrical passages. This successful novel was shortlisted for Man Booker Prize. It depicts the miserable condition of Bangladeshi woman in England. The feminist writer urges equal right for women in male dominant society. Mary Wollstonecraft, Virginia Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir are trying to give a new kind of awakening and consciousness among women in the present era. The present paper explores the transformation of Nazneen and the feminist voices in the novel. The novel shows great transformation in the character from a compliant, dependent wife into a self-reliant, empowered individual. The study discusses the complex interplay between culture, gender, and identity and emphasizes the nature of empowerment in diverse cultural country. It has also focuses on challenges faced by women in patriarchal society.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Feminism, empowerment, culture, identity, patriarchal.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Genotoxic Impurities, Mutagenic Impurities, ICH M7 Guideline, Threshold of Toxicological Concern, LC-MS, GC-MS, Ames Test, QSAR, Nitrosamines, Pharmaceutical Safety

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Abstract: Background: Rasavaha Srotas is the principal channel for nutrient transport (Rasa Dhatu) in Ayurveda. Its vitiation (Srotodushti) manifests through a spectrum of symptoms described in classical texts, but a standardized, validated assessment tool is lacking. Aim: To develop and validate the Rasavaha Srotodushti Assessment Scale (RSAS) questionnaire. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. The 13-item scale was derived from classical Ayurvedic literature and validated through face, content, and construct validation with ten experts. Internal consistency, item-total correlations, and factor analysis suitability were assessed in 108 participants. Severity was categorized using arbitrary cutoffs: Mild (13-30), Moderate (31-48), and Severe (49-65). Results: The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's ? = 0.916). Content validity was high (S-CVI/Ave = 0.93). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure was 0.862, and Bartlett's test was significant (p < 0.001), confirming factorability. Severity distribution was: Mild 73.1%, Moderate 23.1%, and Severe 3.7%. Conclusion: The RSAS is a valid, reliable, and clinically applicable tool for assessing Rasavaha Srotodushti, suitable for use in screening, diagnosis, and therapeutic monitoring in Ayurvedic practice and research

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 Keywords

Rasavaha Srotas, Rasavaha Srotodushti, Rasavaha Srotodushti Assessment Scale, Dhatu ,Ayurvedic Questionnaire, Validation, Srotodushti Lakshana Scale , Srotodushti Questionnaire ,Clinical Assessment Tool, channels,srotas.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Rapid evolvement of artificial intelligence has powered innovations in conversational systems, intelligent Automation,and Immersive Training Platforms are enabling new forms of human-AI collaboration. This work presents A Multi-LLM Intelligent Task Execution aPowered Expressive Assistant system that integrates various large language models (LLMs) to enable the delivery of adaptive, multilingual, and context-sensitive interactions while Orchestrate complex workflows by combining natural language processing, multimodal understanding, and robotics automate processes to support dynamic decision-making, process optimization, and personalized guidance. Unlike traditional chatbots, Or single-model solutions, architecture uses the Complementary strengths of multiple LLMs in order to be expressive. Communication and execution of intelligent tasks over various domains. The fields that may be benefited from this are customer care, education, health care, and industrial training, where the assistant does the following: breaks down instructions, thereby automatically generating step-by-step instructions. It will help the accountants to reduce repetitive tasks, improves efficiency and accuracy, and ensures compliance. The work points to the potential of multi-LLM architectures to advance intelligent automation and shape the next generation of more expressive and human-centric AI systems.

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Multi-LLM, Intelligent Task Execution

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Depression remains one of the most prevalent and disabling mental health disorders globally. Despite the availability of diverse treatment modalities, many patients fail to achieve full remission, highlighting the need for integrated therapeutic strategies. This review synthesizes evidence from ten major review articles encompassing pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and adjunctive treatments. The analysis emphasizes a personalized, multimodal approach that combines psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, lifestyle interventions, and emerging biological therapies to optimize outcomes in both general and treatment-resistant depression cases.

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Depression, Therapeutic Strategies, Pharmacological, Non-Pharmacological, Psychotherapy, Relaxation Techniques, Treatment-Resistant Depression

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The ability of the body's systems to process and respond to prescription medications is influenced greatly by the presence of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Gut bacteria have both directly or indirectly an effect on how a person metabolizes medications; they alter the effectiveness and safety of any given medication. In some cases the gut bacteria are necessary to activate certain medications. For example, prodrugs that contain the azo group are metabolized by the presence of bacteria to their active form sulfanilamide. In addition to activating some drugs, the gut flora are also responsible for many other types of biochemical changes to drugs, including acetylation, deacylation, decarboxylation, dehydroxylation, demethylation, and dehalonation. The gut flora also undergo conjugate hydrolysis, which is associated with many forms of drug-induced toxicity. Furthermore, gut flora have indirect effects upon drug metabolism and thereby influence how and where drugs are distributed, eliminated, and/or metabolized by their hosts by producing metabolites that compete with the prescribed medications for the same pathways. Additionally, there are reciprocal relationships between the gut microorganism and medications that can alter the composition of the gut flora and overall health of the gut. These relationships illustrate the interconnectedness of human biology with these small living things.

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Gut microbiota,Drug metabolism,Prodrugs,Azo-reductase,Conjugate hydrolysis,Microbial metabolites,Drug-induced toxicity,Reciprocal interactions

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The hands are the primary routes of transmission of infection to patients. Hence, it brings up the use the antiseptic for hand washing purposes. Herbs are known to have antimicrobial properties thus utilization of such herbs as antimicrobial agent is a common practice now. Present study involves formulation of herbal hand Wash using extract of Neem, Tulsi and Aloe vera. The results may be attributed to the phytoconstituents present in the extracts. The formulation also evaluated for the quality parameters.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Hand wash, Herbal formulation, Neem and Aloe Vera.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Partition Studies has long relied on political documents, elite memoirs, and official narratives to understand the violent division of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. Urvashi Butalia's The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India (1998) radically redefined this field by foregrounding oral testimonies, personal narratives, and marginalised voices--particularly those of women, Dalits, and children. By documenting silenced stories of abduction, rape, forced conversions, and familial violence, Butalia complicates traditional histories that often focus narrowly on statecraft and diplomacy. This article explores how The Other Side of Silence reshaped Partition historiography, challenging dominant paradigms by situating trauma, memory, and gendered violence at its core. The book's methodology of oral history allows for a democratization of historical knowledge, offering space for subaltern voices that had been excluded. In doing so, it exposes the intersection of gender, community, and power during the Partition and demonstrates how silence itself becomes a historical text. This research examines the transformative impact of Butalia's work on Partition Studies, tracing its role in shaping feminist historiography, trauma studies, and memory discourse in South Asia. It argues that Butalia's intervention shifts Partition Studies from a state-centered narrative to a people-centered narrative, redefining both the sources and the ethics of history.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Partition, Oral history, Gender, Memory, Silence, Subaltern

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The present study aimed to investigate the combined effects of selected independent variables self-concept (low and high), achievement motivation (low and high), and attitude (low and high) on the academic achievement of secondary school students. The sample consisted of 300 students randomly selected from nine secondary schools in the Chennai Educational District. The findings revealed a significant interaction effect of gender (male and female), location (rural and urban), and type of management (aided and government) on academic achievement. The study also found significant interaction effects of self-concept, achievement motivation, and attitude on students' academic achievement. However, no significant interaction effect was observed between achievement motivation and attitude on academic achievement. Overall, the results indicate that gender and type of school management significantly influence academic achievement, whereas locale does not show a significant independent effect. In contrast, psychological variables self-concept, achievement motivation, and attitude-exerted significant independent and interaction effects, highlight their dominant role in determining students' academic achievement.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Self-Concept, Achievement Motivation, Attitude and Academic achievement

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition