Volume 11 | Issue 12 |

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Juvenile delinquency is a significant social issue that stems from various individual, familial, societal, and economic factors. This paper explores the root causes of juvenile delinquency, including broken family structures, lack of education, peer pressure, poverty, and exposure to violence. Psychological and biological influences also play a crucial role in shaping delinquent behavior. The effects of juvenile delinquency extend beyond the individual, impacting families, communities, and the criminal justice system. Understanding these causes and effects is essential for developing effective intervention strategies, legal frameworks, and rehabilitation programs. By addressing the underlying factors, society can reduce juvenile delinquency and promote the reintegration of young offenders into mainstream society.

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Juvenile Delinquency: Cause and Effect

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Flatcherie disease is caused by Bacillus thuringiensis Var Sotto, pathogen by the ingestion of contaminated food plant leaves by Mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L. It is often claimed that and Pasteur (1865) proved that "Nosema and Flacherie" is transmitted from generation to generation through the egg and contagious. On reviewing Pasteur's orginal work on "Flacherie" however, one is certainly not impressed with the fact that any evidence exists which proves that bacteria pass through the eggs of silkworms. Some evidence is advanced to show that the disease-producing bacillus is not transmitted from generation to generation through the egg. It is further shown that the bacillus is probably not very resistant to its environment and does not survive for any great length of time on the exterior of the eggs. The disease-producing bacillus was not recovered either from the exterior or from the interior of the eggs. One of the tests with 80 per cent alcohol yielded a growth, but the bacillus in question was not found. The broth tubes in which the eggs were crushed without the previous sterilization of the exterior yielded growths, but subsequent work involving a study of four organisms recovered did not demonstrate the presence of the disease producing bacillus.R. W. GLASER(1924).

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Rate of Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of Bacillus thuringiensis causing Flatcherie disease and its effect on commercial characters of cocoons of Mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of essential and non-essential metals in sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.). Twenty five accessions of sesame seeds were analysed through Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer for the levels of Fe, Zn, Cu, and Pb. Five gm of dried and homogenized samples were digested using 30 mL of HNO3 (70%) and 25 mL of HCl (37%) at 120oC for 5 hours. The efficiency of the procedure was validated by spiking and the percent recovery for all studied metals varied from 80-133%. The mean levels of the metals (mg L-1) were found in the ranges 24.0 to 108, 10.75 to 79.7, 6.0 to 19.3, 0.01 to 0.08 for Fe, Zn, Cu and Pb, respectively. Analysis of variance at 95% confidence level indicated significant variations only for Cu and Zn. Thus, the sesame seeds analysed are safe for human consumption.

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KEY WORDS: Sesamum indicum L., Essential metals, Non-Essential metals

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Conflicts between foreign invaders and indigenous peoples were the early outcome of India's history of external aggressions. A multicultural and multi-religious society emerged in India as a result of the immigrants' efforts at assimilation and tolerance. Nevertheless, vivid recollections of intense conflicts persist. Preceding the British conquest, the Mughal period was characterised by constant warfare between rival province administrations and the expanding Mughal Empire, which devastated local populations, destroyed places of worship, and looted valuables. Coercive or seductive conversions severed the conquered population's weaker and more vulnerable members from their old religious connections. After the Muslim monarchs were deposed by the British, they became impoverished and joined forces with other non-Muslims in the population to fight for the freedom of their adopted nation. This social phenomenon was crucial to the Indian independence movement because it united people of many ethnicities and religions in resistance to British colonization. All religions and faiths are offspring of Mother India, according to the famous couplet "Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Isai, Bharat Mata Sabki Hai" (Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, and Christians are all children of Mother India). At the behest of the rulers and across the Indian political system, the sectarian virus spread rapidly throughout the British era. When the British initially came to power in India, they clashed with the Muslim nobility. The crumbling Islamic administrations laid the groundwork for the British empire, which began a slow but steady process of removing the Muslim elites from power in India. At the same time, they rallied behind the Hindu elite, who were against modernizing and blocked their people from learning English. In contrast to the Indian National Congress, whose members did not identify with any particular sect, the All-India Muslim League had a more secular agenda. Several prominent Hindu groups, like the Punjab Hindu Sabha and the United Bengal Hindu Movement, chose to organise in reaction to the Muslim League's formation. The establishment of an All-India Hindu Maha Sabha in Allahabad in December 1913 highlighted the organization's dedication to safeguarding the interests of the whole Hindu community and its inclusiveness.

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Hindu, Muslim, All India Muslim League, Modern History

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Carbapenems, Mitsunobu reaction, Deprotection, Disulfides

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The Co-ordination of chemistry in the field of medical science is appreciable in treating metal poisoning by chelation therapy with the help of chelating agents, the co-ordination compounds play an important role in the biological system and the current Chelating agents form soluble stable non-toxic complexes which can readily be excreted elements which are commonly available in nature are non-toxic at normal levels but they are harmful at higher concentrations. The elements like As, Pb, Cd, Hg etc. entered in to ecosystem with rapid progress of our civilization. The living kingdom is exposed to such uncommon elements leading to adverse effect (or) Toxic effect there are certain agents which reduces the toxic effect of chelating agent due to the stable complex form of chelating agents and it shield effects to toxic metal its may also shield the biological effects and reduced the toxicity, chelating agents may expose metal to the biological environment and prevent the metal from being scavenged by biological protective mechanism. There by toxicity may increase. Example: DDC (Diethy ldithio carbamate) which enhances brain deposition of Cd, PB, Ni, Cu, Zn, Hg etc. The DL-Pencillamine is one of the potential chelating agents which are used for detoxification. It's a drug use for treating patients suffering from Wilson's disease it also create urinary excretion of copper metal from the biological system. This article includes the formation of mixed and binary ligand complexes of DL-Pencillamine with N-O- donors and toxic metals.

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FORMATION OF BINARY AND MIXED LIGAND COMPLEXES OF DL- PENCILLAMINE AND ITS TOXIC METALS

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The Methanol Economy Initiative has come up as a viable solution to the energy problems facing India and the need to move away from fossil based energy sources. Methanol, a clean and sustainable fuel, can be produced from coal, natural gas, biomass, and even CO2. The move seeks to transform India's energy sector to methanol as a viable option in a bid to enhance energy security, cut on carbon emissions and spur economic growth. The transition to methanol-based energy systems will not only help India diversify its energy mix but will also reduce the country's oil imports and save billions of foreign exchange. The project also supports the country's environmental objectives since the combustion of methanol produces less pollutants than the traditional fossil fuels. Also, the methanol economy can help to develop domestic industries such as manufacturing, chemical production, and transportation industries which will create employment opportunities and economic development. However, the following issues have to be solved to fully unlock its potential: the creation of the required infrastructure, the supply of methanol, and safety issues. This paper seeks to discuss the future economic effects of the Methanol Economy Initiative in India with emphasis on energy security, environmental conservation and industrialization. The effectiveness of this campaign can put India at the forefront of the transition to clean energy, which will spur economic change and decrease its emission of greenhouse gases.

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Review of Methanol Economy Initiative and Its Future Impact on India's Economy

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This research presents a novel approach for detecting diseases in soybean plants using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) applied to RGB images from the PlantVillage dataset. The study employs transfer learning and data augmentation techniques to enhance model performance while reducing the need for costly Internet of Things (IoT) sensors or advanced imaging systems. Our method successfully identifies common soybean diseases, including Frogeye Leaf Spot, Septoria Brown Spot, Cercospora Leaf Blight, and Bacterial Blight, achieving a remarkable test accuracy of 97.6%. Additionally, we integrate explainable AI techniques, such as Grad-CAM, to provide insights into the model's decision-making process, allowing stakeholders to visualize critical features in the images. The results underscore the efficacy of deep learning strategies in improving early disease detection, ultimately contributing to increased soybean crop yields and economic sustainability. This work lays the foundation for scalable and accessible solutions for precision agriculture, promoting sustainable farming practices in the soybean industry.

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Soybean Disease Detection, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Transfer Learning, Data Augmentation, RGB Images, Explainable AI, Grad-CAM, Deep Learning.

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Abstract : Jerzy Grotowski's Poor Theatre revolutionized 20th-century theatre by advocating a minimalist approach that emphasized the actor's craft and the intimate connection between performer and audience. This analysis examines the historical context, principles, methodologies, and lasting impact of Grotowski's Poor Theatre. Grotowski's focus on stripping away theatrical excess to reveal the essence of performance led to innovative training techniques and transformative productions such as "Akropolis," "The Constant Prince," and "Apocalypsis Cum Figuris." Influenced by figures like Konstantin Stanislavski and Antonin Artaud, and drawing from Eastern theatre traditions, Grotowski developed a rigorous approach that integrated physical, vocal, and psychological disciplines. His work has had a profound and enduring influence on theatre practitioners, educational programs, and performance art, highlighting the enduring relevance of his principles in the search for authenticity and truth in theatre. This study underscores Grotowski's significant contributions to contemporary theatre and his enduring legacy in the art of performance.

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Index Terms - Jerzy Grotowski, Poor Theatre, Minimalist Theatre, Physical Theatre, Performance Art. Contemporary Theatre.

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