Volume 11 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Abstract: The Char areas of Assam, formed by the shifting sandbars of the Brahmaputra River, are among the most economically and socially marginalized regions in the state. This paper explores the multifaceted nature of poverty in these regions and its profound impact on the lives of the Char people, who are predominantly engaged in subsistence agriculture and unskilled labor. Recurrent flooding, erosion, and geographic isolation severely restrict access to basic infrastructure, education, healthcare, and livelihood opportunities, thereby perpetuating a cycle of deprivation. The study highlights how poverty not only affects economic well-being but also exacerbates social exclusion, particularly among women and children. Issues such as displacement, illiteracy, child labor, early marriage, and political disenfranchisement are prevalent and interconnected. Although various government schemes aim to alleviate rural poverty, inadequate implementation and lack of targeted interventions in the Char areas have limited their effectiveness. The paper calls for a comprehensive, context-specific policy approach that addresses both the structural causes of poverty and the unique vulnerabilities of the Char population. Empowering local communities through inclusive development, social protection, and better governance is essential for sustainable change.

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Keyword: Literacy, Poverty, Erosion, Immnigrant, BPL, Flood etc

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The Kale River Basin in the Eastern Himalayas presents a dynamic hydrological system shaped by intense monsoonal rainfall, diverse land use patterns, and complex topography. This study investigates the interrelationship between rainfall, land use, surface runoff, and channel discharge over three hydrological years (2020-2023) using field-based experiments, remote sensing, and geospatial analysis. Results indicate a strong correlation between rainfall variability and both surface runoff and river discharge, with barren and agricultural lands showing the highest runoff sensitivity. Forested areas, while contributing significantly to total runoff, showed a moderate response, indicating their role in buffering hydrological extremes. Surface runoff and channel discharge accounted for an average of 78.2% and 70.6% of the total water volume, respectively, highlighting rapid conversion of rainfall into flow with limited groundwater recharge. The increasing discharge trend corresponds with rising rainfall and changing land use, highlighting the integrated watershed management. This study emphasizes the need for sustainable land-use practices, forest conservation, and enhanced water retention strategies to mitigate flood risks and ensure long-term hydrological resilience in the ecologically fragile Eastern Himalayan region.

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 Keywords

Kale River Basin, hydrological dynamics, surface runoff, channel discharge, rainfall variability, landuse, Eastern Himalayas, watershed management, LULC, sustainable water resources.

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Gandhi was not a conscious theoretician. His entire life symbolizes a relentless search for Truth. Truth and Non-violence are the two pillars on which is entire philosophy rests. In his constant fight against injustice and untruth, it was difficult for him to compartmentalize the social, political economic and ethical issues. Gandhi firmly believed that, "the whole gamut of man's activities today constitute an indivisible whole. You can not divide social, economic, political and purely religious aspects into water tight compartments".1

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The Constitutive Concept of Gandhian Swaraj

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This study attempts to examine the effect of school climate on the emotional intelligence of adolescents studying in secondary schools. The hypothesis of the study is that there is no significant effect of school climate on the intrapersonal awareness, interpersonal awareness, intrapersonal management, interpersonal management and emotional intelligence of adolescents studying in secondary schools. The researcher has used survey method in this study. The investigator adopted stratified random sampling technique to select ten secondary schools of district Haridwar. The investigator selected twenty students from each school. In this way, the investigator selected the required two hundred adolescent boys and girls randomly. Emotional intelligence is the dependent variable and school climate is the independent variable involved in the present study. Mean, S.D. and two-way analysis of variance have been used for the statistical analysis. Findings revealed that there was a significant effect of school climate on the intrapersonal awareness, interpersonal awareness, intrapersonal management and interpersonal management of adolescents. Adolescent boys and girls who get good school climate had highest intrapersonal awareness, interpersonal awareness, intrapersonal management and interpersonal management. Significant effect of gender has been found on the emotional intelligence of adolescents. Adolescent girls had better emotional intelligence as compared to adolescent boys. There has been found a significant effect of school climate on the emotional intelligence of adolescents. Adolescent boys and girls who get good school climate had highest emotional intelligence. Interaction of gender and school climate has not been found to create a significant effect on the emotional intelligence of adolescents. Adolescent boys who get good school climate had highest emotional intelligence.

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School Climate, Intrapersonal Awareness, Interpersonal Awareness, Intrapersonal Management, Interpersonal Management and Emotional Intelligence.

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This study investigates the impact of agricultural mechanisation and migrant labour on female work participation in Palakkad district of Kerala an area known for its agrarian economy and high reliance on female labour in paddy cultivation. While mechanisation has enhanced productivity, it has simultaneously displaced many women from traditional agricultural roles due to limited access to technology, training, and ownership. The influx of male migrant workers from other Indian states has further reduced employment opportunities for local women, exacerbating wage disparities and social exclusion. Using a mixed-methods approach, including surveys and interviews with 50 female agricultural workers and relevant stakeholders, the study reveals a sharp decline in female workdays, increasing economic vulnerability, and gendered barriers in accessing mechanised employment. The findings underscore the urgent need for gender-inclusive agricultural policies, skill development programs, and regulated labour practices to mitigate the socio-economic displacement of women in agriculture.

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Female work Participation, Mechanisation, Migrant Workers

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The recognition of handwritten characters, numbers, special characters and mathematical expressions is difficult and challenging task and encourages a several applications, for example, text reader, bank check preparing system and many more. The framework capacities by performing four operations: preprocessing, feature extraction, segmentation and classification. Converts an input image into gray scale image, and then resize the image to standard size, and finally getting binary image of resized image. Segmentation of the preprocessed image by morphological operations like thinning should be done. In this work, for recognition of handwritten characters, number and mathematical symbols using zone based statistical feature extraction technique is proposed. The zone based statistical technique works in two stages. During training stage, the zone based statistical features are extracted from training tests and knowledge base is constructed. During testing stage, the image is prepared to acquire zone based statistical features and recognition of mathematical symbols is done using nearest-neighbour (K-NN) classifier. The strategy is robust and insensitive to variety in style, skew and different corruptions. The recognition exactness of 90% is accomplished.

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Segmentation, Image Processing, Normalization, symbol extraction.

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Juvenile delinquency is a significant social issue that stems from various individual, familial, societal, and economic factors. This paper explores the root causes of juvenile delinquency, including broken family structures, lack of education, peer pressure, poverty, and exposure to violence. Psychological and biological influences also play a crucial role in shaping delinquent behavior. The effects of juvenile delinquency extend beyond the individual, impacting families, communities, and the criminal justice system. Understanding these causes and effects is essential for developing effective intervention strategies, legal frameworks, and rehabilitation programs. By addressing the underlying factors, society can reduce juvenile delinquency and promote the reintegration of young offenders into mainstream society.

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Juvenile Delinquency: Cause and Effect

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Flatcherie disease is caused by Bacillus thuringiensis Var Sotto, pathogen by the ingestion of contaminated food plant leaves by Mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L. It is often claimed that and Pasteur (1865) proved that "Nosema and Flacherie" is transmitted from generation to generation through the egg and contagious. On reviewing Pasteur's orginal work on "Flacherie" however, one is certainly not impressed with the fact that any evidence exists which proves that bacteria pass through the eggs of silkworms. Some evidence is advanced to show that the disease-producing bacillus is not transmitted from generation to generation through the egg. It is further shown that the bacillus is probably not very resistant to its environment and does not survive for any great length of time on the exterior of the eggs. The disease-producing bacillus was not recovered either from the exterior or from the interior of the eggs. One of the tests with 80 per cent alcohol yielded a growth, but the bacillus in question was not found. The broth tubes in which the eggs were crushed without the previous sterilization of the exterior yielded growths, but subsequent work involving a study of four organisms recovered did not demonstrate the presence of the disease producing bacillus.R. W. GLASER(1924).

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Rate of Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of Bacillus thuringiensis causing Flatcherie disease and its effect on commercial characters of cocoons of Mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of essential and non-essential metals in sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.). Twenty five accessions of sesame seeds were analysed through Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer for the levels of Fe, Zn, Cu, and Pb. Five gm of dried and homogenized samples were digested using 30 mL of HNO3 (70%) and 25 mL of HCl (37%) at 120oC for 5 hours. The efficiency of the procedure was validated by spiking and the percent recovery for all studied metals varied from 80-133%. The mean levels of the metals (mg L-1) were found in the ranges 24.0 to 108, 10.75 to 79.7, 6.0 to 19.3, 0.01 to 0.08 for Fe, Zn, Cu and Pb, respectively. Analysis of variance at 95% confidence level indicated significant variations only for Cu and Zn. Thus, the sesame seeds analysed are safe for human consumption.

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KEY WORDS: Sesamum indicum L., Essential metals, Non-Essential metals

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