Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

हिंदी साहित्य में आलोचना केवल रचनाओं के मूल्यांकन का माध्यम ही नहीं बल्कि एक विचारधारा को परिभाषित और स्थापित करने का कार्य भी करती है। हिंदी साहित्य में इसी प्रकार की एक महत्त्वपूर्ण विचारधारा को परिभाषित करने में एक नवीन वैचारिक दृष्टिकोण प्रदान करने का कार्य नामवर सिंह करते हैं। उन्होंने न केवल हिंदी आलोचना को विभिन्न विमर्शों से जोड़ने का कार्य किया है, अपितु उसे समाज के विस्तृत संदर्भों, विशेष कर लोकचेतना और जनपक्षधरता से भी जोड़ने का प्रयास किया है। प्रस्तुत शोधपत्र में नामवर सिंह की इसी लोकवादी विचारधारा से संबंधित दृष्टिकोण को स्पष्ट किया गया है।

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 Keywords

लोक, लोकवादी विचारधारा, परंपरा, जनपक्षधरता, वर्गचेतना पुनर्पाठ आदि।

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 Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a group of physiological dysfunctions characterized by hyper glycemia resulting directly from insulin resistance, inadequate insulin secretion, or excessive glucagon secretion. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder leading to the destruction of pancreatic beta-cells. Type 2 diabetes (T2D), which is much more common, is primarily a problem of progressively impaired glucose regulation due to a combination of dysfunctional pancreatic beta cells and insulin resistance The chronic metabolic disorder diabetes mellitus is a fast-growing global problem with huge social, health, and economic consequences. It is estimated that in 2010 there were globally 285 millionpeople (approximately 6.4% of the adult population) suffering from this disease. diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. These high blood sugar levels produce the symptoms of repeated urination, increased hunger, and increased thirst. Some of the diabetes patients are asymptomatic, especially those with type 2 diabetes during the early years of the disease. Others with marked hyperglycemia, especially in children with absolute insulin deficiency, may suffer from polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, and blurred vision. Uncontrolled diabetes may lead to stupor, coma, and if not treated death, due to ketoacidosis or rarely from non-ketotic hyperosmolar syndrome. Some of the diabetes patients are asymptomatic, especially those with type 2 diabetes during the early years of the disease. Others with marked hyperglycemia, especially in children with absolute insulin deficiency, may suffer from polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, and blurred vision. Uncontrolled diabetes may lead to stupor, coma, and if not treated death, due to ketoacidosis or rarely from non-ketotic hyperosmolar syndrome

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 Keywords

- Diabetes Mellitus;complications; Mangifera indica ; leaves extract ; natural compounds

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 Abstract

The concept of "legitimate interest" has emerged as one of the most contested and operationally fragile legal bases in modern data protection law. Across jurisdictions, it was intended to provide flexibility for data controllers while safeguarding individual rights through proportionality and balancing. This paper demonstrates, through a comparative analysis of the European Union, Singapore, United States, and Brazil, that legitimate interest has instead become a persistent source of legal ambiguity, enforcement volatility, and architectural cost. In rights-centric regimes such as the EU and Brazil, ambiguity has been resolved through litigation and regulatory narrowing, generating high documentation and compliance burdens. In Singapore, administrative guidance and accountability frameworks have contained, but not eliminated, uncertainty. In United States, the absence of lawful bases has displaced ambiguity into definitional disputes and technical opt-out enforcement. Against this backdrop, India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 represents a deliberate regulatory rupture. By rejecting a general legitimate interest clause and introducing a closed list of "certain legitimate uses," the DPDP Act trades contextual flexibility for legal certainty and administrative predictability. The paper argues that this shift does not eliminate ambiguity but relocates it from legal interpretation to system architecture. Building on this insight, the paper develops concrete technology and governance strategies like consent-centric design, purpose-bound data pipelines, compliance-by-design, and auditability-first architectures, necessary to operationalize the DPDP regime. The analysis concludes that sustainable privacy governance depends less on doctrinal elegance than on the capacity of legal systems to align regulatory design with technical implementation realities.

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 Keywords

Legitimate Interest; Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP Act); Privacy by Design; Data Protection Architecture; Comparative Privacy Law

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serial and parallel, strength and endurance training, leg strength, vital capacity and lean body mass

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This article examines Paulo Coelho's novel THE ALCHEMIST, concentrating on the powerful idea of following one's ambitions. The narrative focuses on self-discovery, personal legend, and inner faith through Santiago's transformation from shepherd to treasure seeker. Coelho's writing, which combines fantasy, adventure, and spiritual understanding, encourages readers to trust their hearts and accept the path to ultimate purpose and satisfaction, despite hurdles and uncertainty. Coelho's basic yet symbolic writing style makes the work both universally relatable and emotionally meaningful. Beyond tangible riches is found in courage, progress, and the balance between dreams and emotionally meaningful. This study also considers how the narrative relates to human wants for meaning, purpose, and the timeless search for identity in chaotic environment.

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Paulo Coelho, The Alchemist, Personal legend, Dreams, Inner faith, Adventure, Human desires, Identity

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ABSTRACT Background: Sleep is a crucial component of recovery and performance in athletes, yet its implications on physical fitness and athletic prowess remain incompletely understood. Given the increasing interest in optimizing athletic performance through non-pharmacological methods, understanding the role of sleep becomes particularly significant. Objective: This study aims to elucidate the effects of enhanced sleep quality and duration on various aspects of physical fitness and athletic performance across different sports disciplines. Methods: We conducted a six-month, controlled; mixed-methods study involving 200 collegiate and professional athletes from both individual and team sports. Participants were divided into an intervention group, which received a comprehensive sleep enhancement program, and a control group. Quantitative data were collected using wearable technology to monitor sleep patterns and via regular assessments of athletic performance, including metrics such as reaction times, speed, accuracy, and endurance. Qualitative data were gathered through structured interviews to capture athletes' subjective experiences and perceptions of sleep's impact on their performance. Results: Preliminary analyses indicate significant improvements in performance metrics in the intervention group, correlating with increases in sleep duration and enhancements in sleep quality. Athletes in the intervention group reported better overall well-being and reduced fatigue levels, suggesting a positive relationship between improved sleep and athletic performance. Conclusion: The findings support the hypothesis that optimal sleep is essential for peak athletic performance and physical fitness. Enhancements in sleep not only improve specific performance metrics but also contribute to the athletes' overall health and well-being. These results underscore the need for incorporating structured sleep optimisation programs in athletic training and recovery protocols.

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Keywords: Sleep, athletic performance, physical fitness, recovery, sports training etc.

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This project proposes a hybrid renewable energy system that integrates solar photovoltaic panels with a vertical axis wind turbine to supply reliable, clean power for streetlighting and electric vehicle (EV) charging in urban environments. Solar and wind resources complement each other over day-night and seasonal cycles, improving energy availability compared to single source systems. The generated power is conditioned through dedicated charge controllers and stored in a battery bank, which feeds high efficiency LED streetlights and a low power EV charging outlet. A microcontroller based smart streetlight unit adjusts lighting intensity using ambient light and motion sensing, enabling dimming during low traffic periods and full brightness when vehicles or pedestrians are detected, thereby reducing unnecessary energy consumption. The system also monitors solar and wind generation, battery state of charge, and EV charging status, and can transmit key parameters to a remote dashboard for energy management and fault detection. By combining dual renewable sources with intelligent load control and EV charging capability, the proposed design aims to lower grid dependence, enhance reliability of public lighting, and support sustainable, decentralized charging infrastructure for future smart cities.

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 Keywords

Renewable energy, EV charging, Vertical turbine Power, Smart street light,Microcontroller

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This research paper highlights a comprehensive comparative analysis of two depreciation methods permitted under Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS 16) for a telecommunication company Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. (BSNL). The study examines the Straight-Line Method (SLM) and the Written Down Value Method (WDV) during three financial years (F.Y. 2021-22 to 2023-24), evaluating their impact on annual depreciation charges and financial reporting. The analysis reveals substantial variations in depreciation patterns between the two methods, with implications for corporate strategies, particularly in tax planning and financial performance reporting.

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Depreciation, SLM, WDV, Ind AS 16

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises (MSMEs) are crucial in the economic process of India, particularly in the semi-urban and rural areas, such as Haveri in Karnataka. Although they are significant, lack of access to formal finance is a significant challenge to MSMEs. Financial Technology (FinTech) services have become a radically new platform in recent years, which has allowed the delivery of digital credits, online payments, and inclusive financial services using UPI, Aadhaar-based KYC, and digital lending applications. This paper will discuss how FinTech platforms are relevant in intensifying MSME financial inclusion in Haveri District. The analysis has been done using secondary data (Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY)) on the impact of digital financial system on greater access to credit, transparency of transaction, and scalability of business with micro-entrepreneurs. The results show a fast growth in digitally-enabled micro-loans (particularly Shishu loans), 20% growth in MSME credit and high penetrations in digital accounts by Aadhaar. Nevertheless, there are still difficulties in taking MSMEs out of the low-ticket credit and spreading knowledge about sophisticated FinTech services. The paper concludes that FinTech has greatly enhanced financial inclusion, but institutional relationship and repetitive digital literacy initiatives have a crucial role on sustainable MSME development in rural Karnataka.

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 Keywords

FinTech, MSME, Financial Inclusion, Digital Lending, Haveri District

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In the rapidly evolving landscape of investment options, mutual funds have emerged as a desired choice for investors in India, offering diverse mutual fund schemes providing to varying financial goals and risk appetites. This review paper explores the multifaceted factors influencing investor behaviour concerning mutual fund investments in the Indian context. Drawing insights from existing literature, the study examines psychological, demographic, economic, and technological drivers, shedding light on gaps in research, such as regional disparities, the impact of digital platforms, and behavioural shifts of certain time period. By identifying these factors and research gaps, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of shaping investment behaviours, offering a foundation for future studies and practical applications.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Investors, Investment Behaviour, Mutual Fund Investment, Mutual Fund schemes, Digital Investment and recent technological advancements

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition