Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Abstract Takeshi Kitano's Hana-bi (1997) holds a unique spot in world cinema due to its careful emotional expression, unconventional story structure, and sudden bursts of violence. Unlike typical genre films, especially crime and police movies, Hana-bi builds emotional tension not through story escalation or character psychology, but through formal techniques in its editing. This paper explores how editing acts as an emotional framework in Hana-bi, shaping feelings through silence, broken time, and the contrast of calmness with unexpected violence. Using ideas from film phenomenology, trauma theory, and Japanese aesthetics--especially the concepts of impermanence--the study claims that Kitano's editing methods turn absence, delay, and disruption into key expressive elements. The paper also places Hana-bi within a larger Japanese film tradition by examining the impact of Yasujir? Ozu's subtle editing style and how Kitano reshapes that tradition in a modern, violence-driven context. By highlighting editing as the film's main emotional and moral structure, the study adds to larger conversations about emotional cinema, minimalism, and different ways of experiencing films.

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 Keywords

Takeshi Kitano; Hana-bi; Film Editing; Affective Cinema; Silence; Temporal Fragmentation; Japanese Cinema; Trauma and Memory; Yasujir? Ozu

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Manipur occupies a paradoxical position within India's federal and foreign policy architecture. While geographically peripheral, the state is strategically central to India's eastern frontier and its engagement with Southeast Asia. This article examines how coalition governance in Manipur shapes domestic political stability and, in turn, influences foreign policy implementation at the subnational level. Drawing on literature from coalition politics, federalism, and foreign policy analysis, the article argues that coalition governments in Manipur operate as mediating structures between the Indian state and its external environment, particularly in the context of India-Myanmar relations. Coalition instability, ethnic fragmentation, and centre-state bargaining dynamics affect border management, security cooperation, and connectivity initiatives, thereby producing indirect yet consequential foreign policy outcomes. By situating Manipur within a multi-level foreign policy framework, the article challenges centralised views of Indian foreign policy and demonstrates how subnational political configurations condition the effectiveness and credibility of external engagements. The study contributes to debates on subnational actors in foreign policy and advances a more granular understanding of India's eastern diplomacy.

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Coalition governance; Manipur; Domestic politics; Foreign policy implementation; Border states; Centre-state relations

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Sustainability has become a critical focus in the fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector amidst environmental challenges like climate change, plastic pollution, and natural resource depletion. FMCG companies increasingly adopt eco-friendly practices such as sustainable sourcing, waste reduction, energy-efficient production, and responsible disposal, while consumers grow more aware through digital media and sustainability disclosures. This study investigates consumer awareness, usage, and satisfaction with green FMCG products.

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Green FMCG Products, Sustainable Consumption, Environmental Sustainability

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The coefficient of permeability is a crucial parameter in soil mechanics, influencing groundwater flow and foundation stability. Darcy's Law, which states that the flow rate of a fluid through a porous medium is proportional to the hydraulic gradient, is fundamental in determining permeability. This experiment measures the permeability coefficient using a constant or falling head permeameter. The obtained results help in geotechnical applications like drainage design and slope stability. Accurate determination of permeability aids in predicting see page, controlling erosion, and designing hydraulic structures, ensuring safe and sustainable engineering solutions in civil and environmental projects.

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Permeability, Co-Efficient, Hydraulic Gradient, Flow Rate, Seepage, Saturated Soil.

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Bharat Me Siksha Ka Adhikar Ka Etihashik Vishleshan : Prachin Kal Se Vartaman Tak

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Bharat Me Siksha Ka Adhikar Ka Etihashik Vishleshan : Prachin Kal Se Vartaman Tak

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Pharmaceutical impurity detection and analysis represent critical quality assurance components directly impacting drug safety, therapeutic efficacy, and regulatory compliance throughout the product lifecycle. The escalating complexity of contemporary pharmaceutical formulations--including biologics, antibody-drug conjugates, and advanced therapeutics--demands analytical methodologies exceeding capabilities of conventional manual approaches. Automation technologies enable real-time monitoring, high-throughput sample processing, and standardized methodology execution with minimal human intervention, while artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms excel at pattern recognition, predictive modeling, and decision support in complex analytical data. Integration of automation and artificial intelligence creates pharmaceutical quality control systems substantially more powerful than either technology alone, enabling transition from reactive, manual quality control toward proactive, data-driven quality management systems. Convolutional neural networks achieve 6-24% improvements in peak detection accuracy compared to conventional algorithms, with particular advantages in deconvoluting overlapping chromatographic peaks and identifying trace-level impurities. Recurrent neural networks and long short-term memory architectures provide exceptional capabilities for time-series analysis, enabling prediction of impurity formation kinetics and degradation pathways. Deep learning models achieve automated peak detection accuracy exceeding 95%, with average error in peak area determination approximately 4% compared to conventional approaches. Machine learning models demonstrate toxicity prediction accuracy exceeding 90% in external validation sets, enabling early identification of genotoxic impurities and hazardous degradation products. Process analytical technology integration with artificial intelligence enables unprecedented real-time manufacturing process monitoring, transitioning pharmaceutical manufacturing from batch-release testing toward real-time quality assurance. Persistent challenges include data quality management, model validation, regulatory acceptance frameworks, computational infrastructure requirements, and explainability of deep learning black-box models. Current regulatory frameworks emphasize risk-based validation approaches with proportionate testing based on model criticality and complexity. Harmonized global regulatory frameworks remain essential objective requiring ongoing collaboration between pharmaceutical manufacturers, technology developers, and regulatory agencies. Future advancement focuses on generative artificial intelligence applications, advanced impurity profiling strategies, real-time release testing implementation, and establishment of globally consistent validation standards and performance acceptance criteria.

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 Keywords

Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Automation, Impurity Detection, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Process Analytical Technology, Quality Control, Deep Learning, Regulatory Compliance

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In 1986, India's first educational policy was approved and put into effect. On July 29,2020, India's National Educational Policy (NEP) was revised and approved after 34 years. The move marks a significant turning point for India's educational system,which will undoubtedly increase India's appeal as a global destination for higher education . The policy will turn India into a thriving knowledge hub and is founded on the principles of "Access,Equality,Quality,Affordability,and Accountability." The current paper provides an outline of the National Education Policy(NEP) 2020,highlights its key components,and identifies its advantages and disadvantages

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Features,advantages, access,quality,affordability,accountability

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The increasing integration of technology in school education has necessitated a rethinking of conventional teaching practices. This study investigates the effectiveness of techno-pedagogical strategies in teaching Social Science at the secondary school level. Techno-pedagogy combines appropriate technological tools with pedagogical principles to enhance students' understanding, engagement, and academic achievement. Using a quasi-experimental design, the study involved 80 secondary school students and 10 Social Science teachers. Data were collected through achievement tests. The results revealed a significant improvement in students' academic performance, classroom participation, and learning motivation when techno-pedagogical methods were employed. However, challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, limited professional training, and time constraints in lesson preparation were also identified. The study concludes that techno-pedagogy can serve as an effective instructional approach in Social Science education and offers practical implications, limitations, and directions for future research.

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Techno-Pedagogy, Social Science Teaching, Secondary Schools

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Online education has become an integral part of modern education systems, offering secondary school students a broad range of opportunities to explore vocational interests and career pathways. With the flexibility and accessibility of online learning, students can access a variety of resources and courses that help them better understand their potential career options. This paper examines the role of online education in shaping vocational interests among secondary school students and investigates the challenges that limit its full effectiveness. Drawing on established career development theories, including Holland's Vocational Personalities, Super's Self-Concept Theory, and Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, the paper explores how online education can influence students' career choices, self-efficacy, and personal development. These theories provide a framework for understanding how online platforms can facilitate career exploration, promote skill development, and contribute to the shaping of students' vocational identities. However, despite the potential benefits, significant challenges exist. The digital divide, limited access to technology, and disparities in socioeconomic conditions prevent some students from fully engaging with online learning opportunities. Moreover, the absence of structured mentorship and personalized career guidance on many platforms hinders students' ability to make informed career decisions. This paper also discusses the integration of career guidance frameworks into online platforms and suggests strategies for overcoming these barriers. By addressing these challenges, online education can be a powerful tool in helping students navigate career decisions, refine their self-concept, and develop the skills needed for future success.

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 Keywords

Online education, vocational interests, secondary School students, digital divide.

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Agriculture remains a cornerstone of India's economy, sustaining over half of rural households and contributing major part of the national GDP. Despite significant post-independence efforts to enhance productivity through high-yielding varieties, irrigation, fertilizers, and modern machinery, small and marginal farmers often face financial constraints in accessing these inputs. Agricultural input subsidies have been implemented to reduce costs, encourage adoption of modern technologies, enhance farm incomes, and stimulate economic growth. Subsidies have been shown by numerous studies to positively influence productivity and reduce input costs; however, their impact on the alleviation of loan dependency has been found to be limited, with significant gaps in awareness being reported among resource-constrained farmers. Consequently, a need has been emphasized for targeted policy interventions, the establishment of efficient subsidy delivery mechanisms, and the implementation of comprehensive awareness programs, through which inclusive growth, sustainable agricultural development, and the enhancement of rural livelihoods may be achieved.

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 Keywords

Marginal farmers, Agricultural productivity, Input subsidies , Loan dependency, Policy interventions, Subsidy awareness, Rural livelihoods, Sustainable agriculture

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition