Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks continue to pose a significant threat to service availability by overwhelming network and host resources with malicious traffic [1][7]. While machine learning based intrusion detection systems have demonstrated high classification accuracy on benchmark datasets, their direct deployment in operational environments is often limited by false positives, delayed reaction times, and the lack of explainable enforcement mechanisms [4][5]. This paper presents a hybrid DDoS detection and mitigation system that integrates machine learning based flow classification with active Linux firewall enforcement, supported by independent detection signals from an FPGA-based monitoring module. Network traffic is captured and aggregated into flows, from which engineered features are extracted and classified using a Random Forest model trained on CIC-DDoS2019 data. Instead of relying on a fixed decision threshold, confidence calibration is performed using precision recall analysis to optimize detection reliability under class imbalance [4]. To enhance robustness, ML outputs are combined with heuristic overrides based on packet volume and burst behavior, enabling rapid mitigation through dynamic iptables rule insertion. An FPGA-based SYN flood detector operates in parallel to provide deterministic, low-latency alerts that corroborate software-based detections and motivate hardware-assisted scalability [9][10]. The system further integrates Suricata as an IDS/IPS layer and Splunk for centralized logging and visualization, enabling cross-layer validation of attack events. Experimental results demonstrate consistent detection behavior across software and hardware signals, reduced false alarms, and timely mitigation, highlighting the effectiveness of hybrid, multi-layer DDoS defenses.

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 Keywords

DDoS, firewall, machine learning, FPGA

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Water constitutes approximately 70% of the Earth's surface and is essential for all known life forms. Oceans and seas contain nearly 97% of the planet's water, leaving only about 2.3% as freshwater. Of this, nearly 99% is stored as ice and groundwater, with less than 0.4% present in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere. Although it provides no calories or organic nutrients, access to safe drinking water is critical for human health and ecosystem sustainability. Despite improvements in global water accessibility over past decades, around 900 million people still lack safe drinking water, and more than 2 billion lack adequate sanitation. A significant correlation is observed between access to clean water and a nation's gross domestic product per capita. Projections indicate that by 2025, over half of the world population may face water scarcity, and by 2030, several developing regions could experience water demand exceeding supply by approximately 45%. In this major project, water samples were collected from six lakes: Himayat Sagar, Mir Alam Tank, Shamirpet Lake, Pedda Cheruvu, Kuntloor Pedda Cheruvu, and Injapur Lake. Extensive physical, chemical, biological, and microbiological analyses were conducted and benchmarked against Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) criteria. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated for each lake to quantitatively assess and compare their water quality status.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Water Quality Index (WQI), Lakes of Hyderabad, Physical, chemical, biological, and microbiological analysis

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The research paper delves into the Desi elements of Indian classical dance, as described by Parshvadeva in the Sangeet Samaysaar. These elements encompass various aspects of dance aesthetics, techniques, and emotions. The paper meticulously explores and analyzes the nuances of each Desi Anga, highlighting their significance in shaping the dance tradition. Starting with Mukhara?a, which enhances facial radiance through stagecraft, the paper traverses through Saushtava, Lali, Bhava, Tukali, Anumana, Pramana, Jhanka, Reva, Surekha, Anga, Ananga, Dhala, Dhillayi, Navani, Kittu, Tarhar, Ullas, Vaivartana, and Savartana. Each Desi Anga is examined for its role in expression, movement, symmetry, emotional resonance, and their interaction with rhythm and melody. The paper weaves in insights from classical texts like Natya Shastra and Nritya Ratnavali, establishing the rich heritage and context of these elements within the broader classical dance framework and its similarity with kathak dance.

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 Keywords

Sangeet Samaysaar, Desi Ang, Parshvadeva

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 Abstract

Abstract India is a leading source of migrant labor, with over 18 million Indian workers employed abroad (World Bank, 2022). While international employment provides economic benefits, Indian workers often experience wage exploitation, contract fraud, poor working conditions, and lack of legal protection. This paper explores labor migration trends, types of exploitation, and policy recommendations, supported by data tables, charts, and case studies.

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Keywords: Indian migrant workers, wage exploitation, international labor, Gulf countries, remittances, labor rights

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The nature of work in India has undergone a profound transformation in recent decades, driven by technological advancements, digitalisation, and evolving economic structures. A key manifestation of this shift is the gig economy, characterized by short-term, task-based, and flexible work arrangements facilitated through digital platforms. This study examines the growth, structure, and sectoral distribution of gig employment in India, highlighting its contribution to workforce participation and economic development. Drawing on secondary data, particularly the NITI Aayog (2022) [1] report, the analysis reveals a significant expansion of gig employment, with the number of gig workers projected to increase from 25.2 lakh in 2011-12 to 2.35 crore by 2029-30, accounting for nearly 6.7% of non-agricultural employment. The gig workforce is concentrated in service sectors such as transportation, retail, and food services, while also showing diversification into high-skilled digital and knowledge-based roles. While the gig economy enhances flexibility, autonomy, and inclusive participation--especially for youth and women--it also poses challenges, including income volatility, limited social security, and precarious working conditions. The study underscores the need for comprehensive policy interventions that balance the benefits of flexible work with adequate worker protections, skill development, and social security, thereby ensuring the sustainable integration of gig employment into India's labour market.

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 Keywords

Gig economy, platform work, employment generation, workforce transformation, digital labour

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Investigating the intersection of Pancha Bootha/ five elements with an eminent guru can make any landscape, Therapeutic. The importance of Geographic location opens a new dimension in the world of therapeutic landscapes. In the process of maintaining a physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being of an individual,Landscape plays an important role. The therapeutic spaces are not restricted to any geographic region, rather spread across civilizations. This paper delves into the concept of "Therapeutic Landscapes" and their profound significance on individual well being and healing process. Also, exploring how living organisms play a vital role in healing process,amplification of sound and silence in healing process are examined. Few case studies are analysed to make better understanding of inter-relationship between land, culture and health that make an environment therapeutic. One can get to know, how the materialistic influence can have a huge impact in one's healing process. The research highlights the role of nature and its temperament in fostering mind-body connection to have a holistic health. This paper aims to deepen the understanding on how therapeutic landscape can have positive effect on individuals' physical and mental health.

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 Keywords

Therapeutic Landscapes, Nature, Holistic health, Healing, Pancha boothas, Geography.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Rapid urbanisation in city has led to increased population density, shrinking open spaces, and rising public health concerns such as physical inactivity, stress, and lifestyle-related diseases. In this context, urban parks have become important public spaces that support healthier urban living. This study examines the socio-economic benefits of urban parks in enhancing public health in Lucknow City, Uttar Pradesh. The main objectives of the study are to analyse patterns of urban park usage, to assess the impact of parks on physical and mental health, to examine their role in promoting social interaction, and to explore the perceived economic benefits associated with urban parks. The study is based on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire survey of 240 respondents from different parks of Lucknow City. A descriptive and analytical research design was adopted, and the data were analysed using percentage-based and descriptive methods. The findings of the study indicate that a large proportion of city residents regularly use urban parks for activities such as walking, jogging, yoga, and relaxation. Most respondents reported improvements in physical health, including better fitness levels, reduced stress, and improved sleep quality. Urban parks were also found to contribute significantly to mental well-being by providing calm and green environments that help reduce anxiety and mental fatigue. In addition, parks function as important social spaces that encourage community interaction and strengthen social cohesion. From an economic perspective, urban parks support small-scale vendors, informal workers, and service providers, thereby contributing to local livelihoods. The study concludes that urban parks are not merely recreational spaces but essential components of public health and socio-economic infrastructure. Recognising and strengthening the role of urban parks in urban planning and policy-making is crucial for promoting sustainable, inclusive, and healthy urban development in cities like Lucknow.

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 Keywords

Urban Parks, Public Health, Sustainable Development, Urban Green Spaces, Socio-Economic Benefits, Social Inclusion, Emotional Wellbeing

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Pesticides are widely used for crop production because to prevent plant diseased, weeds, pests and to enhance the quality of the food products. Pesticides collected from Merck Mumbai. Such as Acephate, Acetamiprid and Imidacloprid were selected for the present study in order to determine their effects on the activities of soil enzyme urease. Results observed that the effects of selected pesticides on enzyme activity of urease enzyme flabbily decrease while without pesticides enzyme activity of urease enzyme flabbily increase

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Soil, Acephate, Acetamiprid, Imidacloropid and urease enzyme.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment to the Indian Constitution provided constitutional status to rural local self-government institutions (Panchayati Raj Institutions) and ensured reservation for women, thereby significantly increasing their political representation at the grassroots level. With a minimum of 33 percent reservation (extended to 50 percent in many states), women's participation in Gram Panchayats, Panchayat Samitis, and Zilla Parishads has expanded considerably. However, a gap continues to exist between numerical representation and effective participation in decision-making processes. This paper examines women's representation in rural local self-government institutions and analyzes its social consequences. The study highlights that women's participation in local governance has led to positive social outcomes such as greater emphasis on issues related to drinking water, sanitation, health, education, and women and child welfare. Women leaders also serve as role models, contributing to increased educational aspirations among girls, enhanced social awareness, and gradual changes in traditional gender attitudes within rural society. Furthermore, women's representation strengthens inclusive and participatory local democracy. At the same time, the study identifies several challenges that limit the effectiveness of women's representation, including patriarchal social structures, lack of education and administrative experience, proxy representation by male family members, and the burden of dual responsibilities at home and in public life. The paper concludes that women's representation in rural local self-government institutions has the potential to bring meaningful social transformation, provided it is supported by capacity-building measures, training, institutional support, and a conducive social environment.

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 Keywords

Rural Local Self-Government, Women's Representation, Panchayati Raj Institutions, Social Impact, Women Empowerment.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Experiential Learning, Kolb Cycle, Perception, Mathematics, middle stage students

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition