Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It represents a complex clinical syndrome resulting from structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood. The primary goal of drug therapy is to improve survival, reduce hospitalizations, and enhance the quality of life. Pharmacotherapy for CHF includes several classes of drugs such as ACE inhibitors ARBs: improve survival by suppressing renin angiotensin aldosterone system .beta blocker: reduce sympathetic overactivity And improve long -term survival . SGLT2 inhibitors: diuretics first-line for symptomatic relief of congestion ,ivabradine benefits selected patients with high resting heart rate . and novel agents like ARNIs and Vericiguat. This review summarizes the current understanding, mechanisms, And rational drug therapy depends on functional class (NYHA),the combination of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT)has singnificantly transformed CHF prognosis , shifting for CHF management.

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Congestive Heart Failure, Drug Therapy, Pharmacological Management, SGLT2 Inhibitors, Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy, Beta-Blockers.

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Digital technologies and FinTech innovations are reshaping how microfinance institutions (MFIs) deliver credit, savings, insurance, and payment services to low-income populations. This study examines the role of digital transformation in MFIs and assesses how FinTech-enabled solutions affect outreach, operational efficiency, credit risk management, and financial inclusion in India. Employing a mixed-methods approach--quantitative analysis of institution-level performance and household-level survey data, along with qualitative case studies and expert interviews--the research evaluates outcomes in terms of access, affordability, usage, and client protection. Key regulatory developments (including India's digital lending guidelines and recent policy revisions) and sector-level performance metrics are integrated into the analysis to provide policy-relevant recommendations for scaling inclusive, secure digital microfinance. Findings indicate that digitalization improves outreach and lowers transaction costs when combined with client education and robust consumer-protection frameworks; regulatory clarity and responsible digital lending practices are crucial to mitigating risks to vulnerable borrowers.

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Digital Transformation, Microfinance, FinTech, Financial Inclusion, Digital Lending, India, Consumer Protection

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In the contemporary financial environment, investors face the dual challenge of maximizing returns while managing risk. Among the multitude of investment avenues available, hedge funds and mutual funds have emerged as dominant global instruments of collective investment. While both seek to create wealth through professional fund management, their objectives, structures, strategies, and risk-return profiles differ significantly. This study titled "Risk and Return Analysis of Hedge Funds: A Comparative Study with Mutual Funds" provides a detailed quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the performance efficiency of these two categories of investment funds. Using real financial data obtained from credible sources such as SEBI, AMFI, Bloomberg Hedge Fund Index, and SP Global SPIVA reports (2013-2023), the paper compares annualized returns, standard deviation, Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, and Beta values to understand their relative risk-return dynamics. Findings reveal that hedge funds deliver superior absolute and risk-adjusted returns due to their flexibility and global diversification, but expose investors to greater volatility and limited transparency. Mutual funds, in contrast, offer stable, regulated, and retail-friendly investment opportunities that focus on long-term wealth accumulation. The study concludes that a hybrid investment approach, combining both instruments, can lead to optimal portfolio diversification and improved risk-adjusted performance.

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Hedge Funds, Mutual Funds, Risk-Return Analysis, Sharpe Ratio, Treynor Ratio, Beta, Financial Performance Portfolio Diversification, Investment Strategy, SEBI Regulation.

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Programming education in technical institutions often faces challenges related to student engagement, logical thinking, and consistent learning outcomes. Traditional lecture-based delivery restricts skill development and may not adequately prepare learners for real-world problem-solving requirements. This research paper proposes an outcome-based learning model integrating hands-on problem solving and Learning Management System (LMS) tracking to improve student performance in programming, data structures, and software development subjects.

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Programing Education

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Background: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic mental health condition characterized by persistent, excessive, and free-floating anxiety occurring more days than not and often accompanied by autonomic overactivity and somatic manifestations such as headache, restlessness, muscle tension, fatigue, and sleep disturbances. The disorder significantly impairs daily functioning, concentration, and overall quality of life. Epidemiological studies suggest that GAD is more prevalent among middle-aged and elderly individuals, particularly women, and is frequently associated with prolonged psychosocial stress, bereavement, interpersonal conflicts, and unresolved emotional trauma. Conventional management of GAD primarily includes pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, which may provide symptomatic relief but often require long-term treatment and may be associated with adverse effects or incomplete resolution of symptoms. Furthermore, these approaches may not always address the individual's emotional susceptibility or the deeper psychosomatic dimensions of the disorder. In homoeopathy, mental disorders are understood as dynamic disturbances of the vital force, frequently arising from prolonged emotional stress, grief, disappointment, or suppressed emotions. According to homoeopathic philosophy, psychological disturbances often manifest through physical symptoms, and such somatic expressions are considered meaningful indicators of internal imbalance rather than isolated pathological entities. Therefore, treatment is directed toward the individual as a whole, based on the totality of mental, emotional, and physical symptoms, with the aim of restoring equilibrium and achieving sustained improvement rather than mere symptomatic palliation. Case: A 54-year-old female presented with chronic headaches for 3-4 years associated with excessive worry, restlessness, cold perspiration during anxiety, disturbed sleep, irritability, and craving for raw rice. The complaints followed prolonged marital stress, domestic abuse, bereavement, and subsequent betrayal by family members. Intervention: Based on the totality of symptoms and repertorial evaluation, Natrum muriaticum was prescribed as the constitutional remedy. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of constitutional homoeopathic treatment in managing Generalized Anxiety Disorder with somatic expression.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Homoeopathy, Natrum muriaticum, Somatization, Similimum.

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The Chenab Bridge, an engineering marvel spanning the Chenab River in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir, India, stands as the world's highest railway bridge and a symbol of infrastructural innovation. Designed as a steel arch bridge, it rises approximately 359 meters above the riverbed, surpassing even the height of the Eiffel Tower. Engineered to withstand extreme wind speeds, seismic activity, and challenging Himalayan topography, the bridge incorporates state-of-the-art materials and construction techniques, including weathering steel for longevity and a blast-resistant design for enhanced security. The structure exemplifies a harmonious integration of aesthetic form and structural function, with its arch geometry ensuring optimal load distribution across deep gorges. Beyond its technical brilliance, the Chenab Bridge plays a critical strategic role, connecting remote regions and enhancing socio-economic integration in one of India's most geopolitically sensitive zones. Its completion represents a landmark achievement in high-altitude bridge engineering and resilient infrastructure development. The Chenab Bridge's conceptual design and structural design principles are described in this study. The major goal is to describe the unique bridge concept in difficult terrain and to provide an overview of the design solutions employed in one of the world's tallest steel arch railway bridges. The construction of a new railway line in India has been taken on by Indian Railways as a mega-project in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The project includes a large number of tunnels and bridges which are to be implemented in highly rugged and mountainous terrain. The alignment crosses a deep gorge of the Chenab River which necessitates construction of a long span railway bridge. The deck height is 359m and bridge length is 1315m. Indian railways constructing the iconic arch bridge on river Chenab as a part of the USBRL project to connect Kashmir valley to the rest of nation. Arch bridge completely made of steel. Foundations and the approach viaduct piers are made of concrete. This report describes the design and engineering of the bridge. The bridge has numerous design challenges such as erection of the steel arch by cable crane, the bridge's huge dimensions, and the special design requirements- redundancy of the arch, the earthquake load and blast load effect. The challenges in the design and erection of the bridge is described in this paper.

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Conceptual Design Approach, Geotechnical Considerations, Structural Design Aspects

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The Worker Safety Monitoring System is a computer vision-based application designed to monitor worker safety using image and video analysis. The system uses the YOLOv8 deep learning model along with OpenCV to detect workers and identify the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in real time. Images or video streams are processed through a Flask-based backend, where object detection is performed and results are displayed on a web dashboard. The system operates without a database and focuses on real-time safety monitoring, making it efficient, lightweight, and suitable for industrial safety applications.

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Worker Safety Monitoring, YOLOv8, Object Detection, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), Computer Vision, OpenCV, Flask Framework, Image Processing, Video Processing, Real-Time Monitoring, Web Dashboard

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Global warming, driven primarily by the excessive emission of greenhouse gases from human activities such as industrialization, deforestation, and unsustainable consumption, has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century. Its impacts are far-reaching, including rising global temperatures, melting glaciers, sea-level rise, biodiversity loss, and severe threats to human health and economic stability. Scientific evidence from organizations like the IPCC and NASA confirms the urgency of addressing this crisis. Solutions to global warming require a multidimensional approach that integrates technological innovation, political commitment, economic restructuring, and social transformation. Renewable energy adoption, carbon capture technologies, sustainable agriculture, and energy-efficient infrastructure represent key technological pathways. International agreements such as the Paris Accord highlight the importance of global cooperation, while national policies like carbon taxation and emission trading systems demonstrate political will. Economically, the transition to a green and circular economy can reduce dependence on fossil fuels and promote sustainability. Socially, education, awareness campaigns, and lifestyle changes--such as plant-based diets and reduced consumption--are essential to foster collective responsibility. Case studies from countries like Germany, Costa Rica, and Bhutan illustrate that meaningful progress is possible when governments, communities, and individuals act in unison. However, challenges such as political resistance, economic inequality, and technological limitations remain significant barriers. The future of humanity depends on immediate and sustained action to mitigate global warming, ensuring climate justice and ecological balance for generations to come.

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Global warming Climate change Greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide (CO?) Methane (CH?) Fossil fuels Deforestation Industrialization Rising temperatures Sea-level rise

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Objective: To explore the therapeutic potential of traditional herbal remedies in the prevention and management of diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and to highlight the importance of integrating herbal and modern medical approaches for improved patient outcomes and long-term metabolic balance. Significance: Globally, over 800 million people suffer from diabetes, with T2DM accounting for approximately 95% of all cases. Despite major advancements in pharmacological treatments such as GLP-1 agonists, metformin, and SGLT2 inhibitors, many individuals--especially in low- and middle-income countries--remain inadequately treated due to limited access, high cost, and side effects. Herbal medicines with antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering properties represent promising, affordable, and culturally accepted complementary approaches. Methods: A comprehensive literature review and synthesis of preclinical and clinical studies were conducted on five principal antidiabetic plants--karela (Momordica charantia), neem (Azadirachta indica), jamun (Syzygium cumini), guggul (Commiphora wightii), and saptarangi (Salacia oblonga)--focusing on their phytochemical constituents, mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and therapeutic potential. Results: These herbs enhance insulin sensitivity, stimulate pancreatic ?-cell function, inhibit intestinal glucose absorption, and mitigate oxidative stress. Clinical and experimental evidence supports their role in improving glycemic control, lipid metabolism, and organ protection. Kerala's preventive community programs further demonstrate how traditional and modern strategies can synergize effectively. Conclusions: Future research should focus on standardization of extracts, identification of bioactive compounds, and large-scale human clinical trials. Integrating validated herbal therapies with modern medicine can create a sustainable, holistic framework for diabetes prevention, management, and improved global health outcomes

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Dibetes,Karela,Neem,Guggul,Saptarang, Jamun seed

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This case study reports a 30-year-old male patient diagnosed with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria (CSU), presenting with severe generalized pruritus and recurrent wheals distributed over the entire body for the past 4 years. The patient did not achieve significant symptomatic relief despite prolonged treatment with conventional antihistamines, Autologous Serum Therapy (AST), and Omalizumab (OMA). The patient was clinically evaluated and managed through Ayurvedic Panchakarma interventions, including Snehapana (therapeutic administration of unctuous substances such as ghee and oil), Vamana, and Virechana, along with internal medications prescribed according to the principles of Seethapitta Chikitsa. Disease activity was assessed using the validated Weekly Urticaria Activity Score (UAS7), recorded at baseline, after Vamana, after Virechana, and during follow-up. Quality of life was evaluated at baseline and after follow-up using the Chronic Urticaria Quality of Life Questionnaire (CU-Q2oL). The outcomes demonstrated complete remission of disease activity along with marked improvement in quality of life, as reflected by the assessment scores. Hematological and biochemical investigations further indicated the safety and therapeutic efficacy of Ayurvedic management in this case of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria.

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Panchkarma Therapy chronic Urticaria Management of Urticaria spontaneous Urticaria Case study

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