Volume 13 | Issue 11 | November-2025

 Abstract

Grassroots sports programs represent the foundation of a nation's sporting structure, playing a crucial role in developing fundamental skills, fostering performance efficiency, and nurturing talent. In India, where demographic diversity intersects with infrastructural disparity, the success of grassroots sports initiatives has varied significantly. This thematic paper provides a generalized yet critical overview of grassroots sports development, with an emphasis on its role in skill formation and performance enhancement. It discusses historical evolution, policy frameworks, implementation challenges, and innovative approaches while drawing upon relevant scholarly and institutional references. The paper aims to offer educators, policymakers, and sports practitioners a cohesive understanding of how grassroots-level interventions can influence long-term sporting excellence.

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 Keywords

Grassroots Sports, Skill Development, Performance Efficiency, Youth Sports, Sports Policy, Talent Identification, Physical Literacy, India

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 Abstract

Periyar E. V. Ramasamy Naicker was a visionary social reformer far ahead of his era in Tamil Nadu. His life's mission was to ensure that both men and women lived with dignity and enjoyed equal opportunities to develop their capabilities. To achieve this, he rejected every form of social discrimination and promoted rationalism, equality, and social justice. His reformist ideals continue to echo as powerful voices for an egalitarian and casteless society that guarantees equality for all, including women.

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 Keywords

upliftment, social reform, discrimination, Brahmanism, untouchability, egalitarianism

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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While autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been increasingly recognised, diagnostic rates and presentations differ by gender, leading to concerns of under-recognition in females. Research suggests that females with autistic traits may engage more frequently in social camouflaging (masking or adapting behaviours) to conform to neurotypical expectations. This phenomenon can contribute to delayed diagnosis, identity issues, and poorer mental health outcomes

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 Keywords

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); Female Autism Phenotype; Camouflaging; Masking; Diagnosis; Gender Differences; CAT-Q

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The concept of "Small but Mighty" emphasizes how small-scale entities--such as microenterprises, startups, and grassroots initiatives--achieve remarkable success despite limited resources. This paper explores the strengths, challenges, and strategic approaches that enable small organizations to outperform larger counterparts. A case study of a microenterprise illustrates how innovation, adaptability, and focused strategy lead to meaningful outcomes. The study concludes with recommendations to strengthen small actors through supportive policies, efficient operations, and smart partnerships.

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Keywords: small enterprise, agility, innovation, microbusiness, resource constraints, resilience, niche market, social impact

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The article considers scenography as one of the key components in the formation of the presentation space of a fashion show -- as a form of monumental decorative art and the art of arrangement, which is the result of the collective work of designers, artists, and technical teams. The decorative design of the space reveals the central theme of the collection, supports its concept, gives the show a unified form, enhances the emotional impact of the show on the audience, and shapes its stylistic identity. The study identifies the differences between decorations for fashion shows and stage or cinematographic decorations. The principles of creating decorations for fashion shows are formulated. The main types of decorations for open and closed locations -- interior, landscape, special, and projection -- are considered in the context of the design of modern presentation spaces.

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 Keywords

scenography, presentation space, decorations, fashion show, fashion show production.

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Abstract: Maintaining a nutritious diet is essential for human healthier life. Making poor food choices and consuming unhealthy meals are the main causes of non-communicable diseases (NCDs).Edible fruits including wild and commercially available fruits are rich source of nutritional contents. Most of the studies shows, rural people traditionally harvest wide range of leafy vegetables, roots, tubers, fruits from wild because of its taste, cultural uses, as food supplements or to tide over food shortage. The present study explored the nutritional status of the fruit of 10 wild and 10 commercial fruits by profiling their physical properties (color, taste and smell) and biochemical attributes such as carbohydrate, sugar, protein, and vitamins. The present work identified superior/identical nutritional status in terms in terms of color, odor, taste and Vitamin content in noncultivated indigenous forest species, i.e., Annona muricata, Annona squiamosa, Elaeocarpus serratus, Mangifera indica, Anacardium occidentale , Phyllanthus emblica , Ixora coccinea , Averrhoa carambola , Zizipus oenopolia and Syzygium jambos comparable to the cultivated fruits like Carica papaya, Passiflora edulis, Hylocereus undatus, Citrullus lanatus, Vitis vinifera, Actinidia chinensis, Malus pumila etc. The analysis indicate the scope of using wild edible fruits for dietary supplement since it has valuable ingredients as Iron, Sodium, Potassium and Calcium. Many other fruits of forest therefore need to be analyzed which could help in selecting promising species for inclusion in agro and farm-forestry and reforestation programme which have so far focused only on timber species. Wild fruit plantation not only improves food base for humans it helps in sustaining wild animals particularly herbivore and bird population. Further research on anti- nutrients and antioxidants of wild species would be useful in selecting nutritious fruits from wild resources of eastern India. Of particular importance are Annona muricata, Annona squiamosa, Elaeocarpus serratus, Mangifera indica, Anacardium occidentale, Phyllanthus emblica, Averrhoa carambola and Syzygium jambos that had significant level of micronutrient and minerals which are promising species for promotion as backyard planting especially farming systems suffering from crop loss, food shortage and chronic malnutrition.

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Key words: wild edible fruits, nutritional analysis, commercially cultivated fruits.

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Background: Raising a child with disability presents a lifelong challenge for both the parents and other family members and adapting to the nature of the illness can lead to disturbances within the family across multiple aspects. Aim: This study aims to compare parental stress, family burden and coping among parents of children with Intellectual Disability (ID) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Materials and Methods: The current study was an observational study with a descriptive correlational design. It included 106 parents of children with ID (n=54) and ASD (n=52). Assessments of parental stress, family burden and coping were conducted using Parental Stress Scale, Family Burden Interview Schedule, Coping Checklist and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support respectively, through telephonic interviews, conducted by Master of Science (M.Sc.) Nursing student, during COVID-19 period. Results: There was a significant difference in overall parental stress (p=0.04) and overall perceived social support (p=0.01) between both groups. Parents of children with ID experienced greater parental stress, whereas, parents of children with ASD perceived high social support. Moreover, in this study, after performing bivariate analysis, there was difference in correlates of parental stress, family burden and coping between the two groups. Conclusion: Parents of children with ID often experiences high levels of parental stress. Nurses can play an important role in identifying stress, burden and maladaptive coping, and hence introducing positive coping skills, forming and encouraging family support groups to increase their social support, potentially reducing parental stress.

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 Keywords

Autism Spectrum Disorder; Burden; Coping; Intellectual Disability and Stress.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The burden of proof is a cornerstone of legal proceedings, serving as the mechanism to determine which party must substantiate their claims in a dispute. In India, this principle has evolved over centuries, shaped by its colonial legacy, constitutional framework, and an expanding body of jurisprudence. The traditional allocation of the burden of proof has adhered to the maxim semper necessitas probandi incumbit ei qui agit, placing the responsibility squarely on the party asserting a fact. However, in recent years, legislative interventions and judicial pronouncements have begun to recalibrate this distribution, particularly in the context of complex litigation. This research article examines how these shifts have redefined the dynamics of the burden of proof in India and evaluates their implications for litigants, legal practitioners, and the judiciary. Complex litigation, characterized by multifaceted issues, voluminous evidence, and multiple stakeholders, challenges the conventional approach to burden allocation. Recent legal reforms, including amendments to procedural laws and the introduction of sector-specific statutes, have sought to redistribute this burden in certain cases, especially those involving environmental disputes, corporate fraud, and gender-based violence. For instance, the reversal of the burden of proof in cases under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) and specific provisions of the Indian Penal Code reflects a conscious shift towards empowering the aggrieved party while ensuring judicial efficiency. However, these changes also raise critical questions about fairness, due process, and the potential erosion of foundational legal principles such as the presumption of innocence. Through an interdisciplinary approach, this article explores the historical context and theoretical foundations of the burden of proof in Indian jurisprudence. It delves into the recent legislative changes and judicial interpretations that have reshaped its application in complex litigation. By analyzing landmark cases, the article highlights emerging trends in the redistribution of evidentiary responsibilities, emphasizing their practical consequences for litigants and legal professionals. Comparative insights from international jurisdictions are also incorporated to offer a broader perspective on these shifts. The findings of this research underscore the dual-edged nature of the evolving burden of proof standards. While these reforms enhance access to justice for vulnerable parties and address systemic inequalities, they also introduce challenges, including increased litigation costs, the risk of procedural inefficiencies, and potential misuse by litigants. The article critiques the piecemeal approach to these changes, advocating for a more cohesive and balanced legal framework. It argues that the principles of equity, judicial discretion, and procedural fairness must guide the ongoing transformation of the burden of proof in complex litigation. In conclusion, this article contributes to the broader discourse on legal reform in India by shedding light on the interplay between legislative innovation and judicial interpretation in shaping procedural norms. It calls for a nuanced understanding of the socio-legal implications of burden-shifting mechanisms and emphasizes the need for reforms that are not only legally sound but also equitable and inclusive. By doing so, the article aims to inform policymakers, legal practitioners, and scholars about the potential and pitfalls of these transformative shifts, ensuring that justice remains the ultimate goal of the Indian legal system.

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 Keywords

Burden of Proof; Complex Litigation; Legal Innovations; Access to Justice, and Evidentiary Shifts.

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Fraud detection in bank payments using machine learning is a critical area of aimed at preventing financial losses and enhancing security. Traditional fraud detection methods, such as manual verification and rule-based systems, are often time-consuming, expensive, and prone to inaccuracies. Machine learning

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 Keywords

Index Terms - Fraud, detection, bank, financial, rule-based systems.

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In today's digital landscape web applications have become an integral part of business operations data management and communication. However the growing dependency on dynamic websites has made them a primary target for cyberattacks particularly SQL Injection (SQLi) one of the most common and severe web security vulnerabilities. SQL injection attacks exploit improper input validation in database-driven applications allowing attackers to manipulate queries retrieve sensitive data or even gain unauthorized system access.This paper presents the design and implementation of a SQL Injection Detection Tool that automates the identification of SQLi vulnerabilities in web applications. The proposed system analyzes input fields and query structures to detect malicious SQL payloads using pattern matching regular expressions and keyword-based anomaly detection. The tool also classifies injection attempts by type generates real-time alerts and provides detailed vulnerability reports for developers. Developed using Python Flask and MySQL the system aims to assist both developers and security analysts by offering a lightweight scalable and user-friendly interface for proactive vulnerability testing. Through experimental evaluation the tool demonstrates high accuracy in identifying SQLi patterns and ensures enhanced web application security. The proposed solution contributes to building safer online environments by emphasizing preventive detection over reactive mitigation aligning with the modern goals of secure software engineering and ethical hacking practices

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 Keywords

SQL Injection, Cybersecurity, Vulnerability Detection,Web Application Security,Python Flask ,Database Protection

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