Volume 11 | Issue 11 |

 Abstract

Witness plays a crucial role in any criminal justice system in aiding to attain the justice. The testimony given by a witness is very important. Hence the protection of witness is to be considered with utmost importance. The foundation of justice system will fall if the witnesses are intimidated, threatened to give their testimony and provide evidence in court of law. This paper deals with witness protection framework in India, the USA and China. Later a comparison has been drawn to understand about the best practices and provisions in the laws. In the end a conclusion has been drawn to understand the position of India in comparison with the USA and China.

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 Keywords

Witness Protection, Witness Protection Scheme 2018, Witness Security Program of USA, US Marshal, Witness Protection Ordinance 2000

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 Abstract

Civil is a precondition for the realization of true democracy. Civil society - a new social movements in India. Gandhi's Sarvodaya Movement, Bhoodan movement, Chipko movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan, Anna Hazari's movement against corruption are some of the examples which emphasize the right of the common people to implement different welfare schemes and Government initiative for betterment of the people. It would encourage the citizens to fight for common cause and try to establish true democracy in India. Gandhi never talked about civil society explicitly but his action of including all in the society and respecting each-others views made him an exponent of civil society in India. His Ashram society and fight against social evils based on civic virtues created a civil society in India. His concept of civil society is totally different from the western concept because he always made a critique to modernization The civic virtues like toleration, mutual respect, self-sacrifice are the basic tenets of Gandhi's civil society. His concept of civil society is based on live-and-let-live where the violence between groups would be ended.

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 Keywords

Civil society, True democracy, India, Independence, Post-Independence, Modern

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Yann Martel in his short story The Facts Behind the Helsinki Roccamatios narrates the friendship of two young college friends among whom one dies of AIDS. The narrator of the story is a college senior who is shocked when he comes to know that his 19-year-old junior Paul has been diagnosed with AIDS. The narrator becomes the part of the family, spends his time to take care of Paul. Then he devises a plan of storytelling to pass their time. They invent family named Helsinki of Italian origin and create stories that will mirror the events of the 20th century. The story creates a perfect balance between the moments of a Paul's deterioration. Moments of pure passion, anguish, love and pain are connected with snippets of major historical events that have been ear marked as major moments of the twentieth century. Martel's choice of intermingling various literary allusion, direct quotation from literary and non-literary texts proves to be an intertextual reading.

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 Keywords

Postmodernism, Intertextuality, Storytelling, Historical Events, Literary Allusion

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The success of a democratic system depends on the fairness of its election mechanism. Free and fair elections are essential components of any democratic country. For conducting free and fair elections it not only requires the legal framework and transparent electoral process, but also it requires the institutional structure which regulates the campaign finance that adequately ensures the governance priorities to the welfare of general public, over the interest of special interest which is required for fair elections. It signifies the sovereignty of the people, and it also provides legitimacy to the authority of the government. For the success of democracy, free and fair elections are important and it's necessary to conduct free and fair elections in our democratic country. But today's elections are not conducted in proper manner prescribed because of huge amount of money which required to be spent and the one who is contesting for election he should have large influential power to win the elections. The major defects which come in the electoral system in India are: money power, muscle power, Criminalization of politics, poll violence, booth capturing, communalism, castism, non-serious and independent candidates etc.

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 Keywords

Elections, Democracy, Electoral system, Criminalization.

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Robotic manipulators equipped with redundant degrees of freedom offer increased flexibility and dexterity but are prone to encountering singular configurations that hinder performance and control. This paper introduces novel strategies for singularity avoidance in redundant manipulators, focusing on optimizing their performance. Drawing inspiration from existing research, an innovative approach based on the Monte Carlo method for singularity analysis is proposed. By randomly mapping the robot's workspace and identifying points closest to a given trajectory, detection and characterization of singularity states is determined. Unlike traditional inverse calculation methods, this approach reduces computational demands while providing a clear graphical representation of singularity occurrences. Through rigorous mathematical analysis and illustrative graph ,the effectiveness of this method in singularity avoidance is presented. Furthermore, exploring practical applications through case studies involving various robot configurations is possible. This research contributes valuable insights and tools for improving the operational efficiency and adaptability of redundant manipulators in diverse robotic applications.

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 Keywords

Redundant manipulators, Singular configurations, Universal Robots UR5e, Kinematic redundancy, Jacobian matrix, Null space, Geometric constraints, Configuration space, Mathematical properties, Joint angle solutions, Finite State Machine (FSM), Monte Carlo method, Probability assessment, Workspace analysis, Robot systemdesign, Operational efficiency, Human-robot collaboration, Robotic adaptability, Industrial automation.

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Literacy is the key indicator of development. It has become an inevitable part of human life. Financial literacy enables individuals to navigate the financial world and make informed investment decisions, minimizing the chance of misled. The purpose of this research is to assess the level of financial literacy and determine the savings pattern among the women in Bangalore. The research was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Women are the inseparable part of modern society. Women's takes various financial decisions which cannot be effective without having proper knowledge of financial literacy. The study would also determine the prevailing gap in the level of financial literacy and would suggest possible measures to be undertaken to overcome it.

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Financial decision, financial literacy, investment decision, financial world

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The present article provides an overview of the microorganisms present in pharmaceutical waste, which is composed of expired or unused medications, solvents, pharmaceutical dust, sewage water, and other materials generated during the production, distribution, and consumption of medicines. The article highlights the potential risks of bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance associated with pharmaceutical waste, particularly the presence of bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths, which may or may not show multidrug resistance. The objective of the study is to identify useful bacteria and a wide range of medicines that can treat infections caused by these microorganisms, as well as to eliminate dangerous bacteria. The article emphasizes the significance of proper disposal and treatment of pharmaceutical waste to avoid environmental pollution and the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is a major threat to public health, especially when multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are present. These are bacteria that are resistant to one or more drugs from three or more antibiotic categories. Several mechanisms can cause antibiotic resistance, including enzymatic resistance, reducing permeability, altering target sites, and genetic mutation. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial in developing effective strategies to combat antibiotic resistance.

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 Keywords

Pharmaceutical waste, multi drug resistance, antibiotics, dangerous bacteria

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In this production of BIOETHANOL, many raw materials are used in order to prepare the final product. Bioethanol is an example of biofuels which are used as an alternative for the fossil fuels and also used for the travelling purpose. Biofuels are produced over a short span of time from biomass where as formation of biofuels is a very slow process from fossil fuels. Bioethanol is environmental friendly fuel and cleaner fuel which reduce the emissions of CO2 and Green House Gases (GHG's) which effect the environment which are mainly produced from the transport sector. Bioethanol is mainly used for road travelling process which is based on alcohol and used as an alternative for petrol. Bioethanol is produced from raw materials like starch, sugar, lignocellulose materials which produce glucose under several process and following other process gives bioethanol. Bioethanol has advantages as well as disadvantages for the environment. Bioethanol blended petrol is a mixture of ethanol and petrol which gives more efficiency for the usage for reduction of emission gases at high percentage level. Bioethanol blended petrol is used in many countries which is used as the best alternative fuel. Bioethanol blended petrol is sometimes harmful to use because it causes accidents which are dangerous for human life. Bioethanol blended diesel is also one of the bioethanol blended fuels used as an alternative fuel for travelling purposes.

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 Keywords

Fermentation, Sugar, Starch .Lignocellulose, Ethanol blended fuels

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Background: Vitamin B12 deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies, which is associated with poor cognitive development and growth. Objectives: To study the status of vitamin B12 deficiency in children with SAM attending NMCTH pediatrics department. Results: Among 95 children enrolled in this study, 54 (56.85%) were vitamin B12 deficient. Among vitamin B12 deficient children, 38(70.37%) were male, and 16(29.62%) were female. The mean age of vitamin B12 deficient children was 18.91 months, and the mean vitamin B12 level of the overall patient was 299.7 pg/ml. Out of 54 vitamins B12 deficient children, the majority, 51.57%, had severe anemia, 72.63% belong to upper lower socioeconomic status. The overall majority were boys, about 55.89%, and 42.10% were female. Conclusions: Micronutrients play a central part in the metabolism and maintenance of tissue function. The present study concludes a relatively high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in severely malnourished children. Efforts should be directed to prevent its deficiency in pregnant and breastfeeding women and their infants with special attention in malnourished children. Deficiency of vitamin B12 should be considered in all cases with SAM children regardless of blood indices.

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 Keywords

Anemia, Severe acute malnutrition (SAM), Vitamin B12 deficiency

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Background: Numerous sports psychologists reveal through their literatures and experiments that the level of anxiety changes dramatically during competition as its cognitive and somatic components alters with time and situation. Anxiety affects the overall performance through physiological and behavioural effects and personality changes. When players could not cope with anxiety, personality shall be changed and negatively effect on performance. Aim: That's why the researchers took an attempt to evaluate the impact of personality on pre-competitive anxiety (PCA) of soccer players. Method: Total Eighty (N=80) district level soccer players were selected randomly as subjects from Nadia, Kolkata and Uttar Dinajpur Districts of West Bengal for the current investigation. Their age were ranged from 18 to 21 years. Four dimensions of Personality i.e., Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism and Lie and Pre-Competitive Anxiety were considered as independent and dependent variables respectively for the present experiment. Personality was measured by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Short Scale) and Pre-Competitive Anxiety was measured by the Sports Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT). Results: In order to analysis the collected data, Pearson's Product Moment Correlation of Co-efficient was applied to find out the association between personality and pre-competitive anxiety of soccer players. On the basis of the findings, the researchers noted that PCA was significantly associated with Extraversion and Neuroticism. Along with that, it was also observed that PCA was insignificantly associated with Psychoticism and Lie of soccer players.

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 Keywords

Personality, Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism, Lie, Pre-Competitive Anxiety and Soccer players.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition