Volume 13 | Issue 11 |

 Abstract

Abstract: Road accidents remain one of the leading causes of death and injury globally, posing serious challenges to public safety and economic stability. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the underlying causes of road accidents, encompassing human factors such as reckless and distracted driving, mechanical failures, poor road infrastructure, and inadequate traffic management. Through the examination of accident data and relevant case studies, the research identifies common patterns and major contributing factors influencing accident frequency and severity. In addition, the paper evaluates the effectiveness of existing safety measures, including stricter traffic law enforcement, advancements in vehicle safety technologies, improved road design, and targeted public awareness initiatives. The findings emphasize the need for an integrated, multidisciplinary approach combining engineering, education, and enforcement to develop sustainable strategies for accident prevention and to promote safer road environments for all users.

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 Keywords

Road Safety, Traffic Accidents, Human Error, Vehicle Safety, Traffic Management, Road Infrastructure, Accident Prevention.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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: Peanut shell waste, Flexural strength, Eco-friendly tiles, Sustainable materials, Lightweight composites.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Automated vehicles (AVs) are transforming the transportation industry with the integration of advanced sensors, communication systems, and artificial intelligence (AI). These technologies make travel safer, smarter, and more efficient. However, the high level of connectivity in modern vehicles also exposes them to various cybersecurity threats that can jeopardize data integrity, privacy, and passenger safety. This study explores the major cybersecurity challenges faced by automated vehicles, the potential attack pathways, and the defense frameworks currently used to counter these threats. It also highlights methods such as secure vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication and AI-powered intrusion detection systems as effective approaches to strengthen vehicular cybersecurity. Modern vehicles depend heavily on interconnected sensors for operations like speed regulation, braking, navigation, and safety control. These sensors communicate mainly through in-vehicle networks such as the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus, which unfortunately lacks built-in security mechanisms like encryption and authentication. As a result, if a sensor is compromised or hacked, it could feed false information into the system, disrupting other sensors and interfering with crucial vehicle functions. Overall, cybersecurity remains one of the most critical concerns in autonomous vehicles, given their vulnerabilities across software, hardware, wireless communication, and external interfaces.

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 Keywords

Autonomous vehicles, cyber security, security, integrity, Cybersecurity, Intrusion Detection System, Vehicle-to- Everything (V2X), Artificial Intelligence, Threat Mitigation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract The Indo-Pak conflict depicts a case of deep mistrust due to historical and political events and cultural fallacies. Pakistan, which was created as a compromise to satisfy the two-nation theory, continues to be a threat to India's national interests. Not only this, but Bangladesh, which became independent in 1971, now also poses a threat to India with growing radicalism and alignment with Pakistan's military. In the last few decades, India has shifted its counterterrorism strategy from primarily defensive to more assertive. Military strikes against terrorist bases have become a new normal. This transformation was seen in India's surgical strikes across the Line of Control in 2016 and the Balakot airstrikes in 2019. India also intensified diplomatic efforts to isolate Pakistan globally by highlighting its alleged support for cross-border terrorism. At the same time, India accelerated its military modernization and self-reliance in defence production, increasing defense purchases and conducting advanced weapons and missile tests to enhance readiness and deterrence. However, in May 2025, South Asia witnessed a sharp escalation in the India-Pakistan rivalry following a deadly terrorist attack in Pahalgam. India responded with Operation Sindoor to punish the culprits with a series of targeted strikes on nine terrorist locations across the Pakistan-administered territories. The crisis attracted international attention as Pakistan retaliated militarily and also issued nuclear threats. In a volatile and digitally charged landscape, major powers also intervened, taking one or the other side. This paper analyses the recent developments in the Indo-Pak conflict in May 2025, the involvement of external actors including China, Turkey, and the U.S., the domestic political discourse in India, and the change in India's strategic posture.

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 Keywords

India-Pakistan rivalry, May 2025 crisis, Pahalgam attack, terrorism, nuclear blackmailing, geopolitical alignment, diplomatic offensive

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Digital banking in India has moved from a peripheral channel of service delivery to the centre of banking operations, driven by the Reserve Bank of India's layered regulatory model, the public digital infrastructure created around UPI, Aadhaar and consent-based data sharing, and the growing expectations of customers for frictionless, remote and real-time financial services. At the core of this expansion lies a complex regulatory architecture anchored in the "Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934", the "Banking Regulation Act, 1949", the "Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007" and a wide array of master directions, guidelines and FAQs issued by the RBI's supervisory departments, especially for digital lending, payment aggregation, IT outsourcing and KYC. These regulatory instruments, read together with the "Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023" that classifies banks as data fiduciaries and with the CERT-In Directions of 28 April 2022 that compel six-hour reporting of cyber incidents, generate a web of concurrent, often overlapping obligations for banks, NBFCs and their fintech partners. Digital onboarding remains a critical risk zone because lenders depend on non-face-to-face identification, assisted V-CIP, Aadhaar-based e-KYC through regulated KUA/Sub-KUA arrangements, and large-scale outsourcing of KYC processing, which heightens exposure to fraud, data breach and impersonation. The RBI's Digital Lending Guidelines of 2 September 2022, the subsequent DLG/FLDG circular of 8 June 2023 and the 2025 tightening on provisioning for fintech-backed guarantees have tried to ring fence balance sheet lending and make credit intermediation traceable, yet frictions persist in loan disbursement flows, in disclosure of annualised cost to borrowers, in segregation of LSP accounts, and in recovery practices that operate on digital channels. Cybersecurity and data governance have acquired sharper contours because the DPDP Act requires purpose limitation, consent logs and breach notification to the Data Protection Board, while CERT-In insists on domestic log storage and rapid incident reporting, and the RBI's 2023 IT Outsourcing Directions insist that supervisory access must survive even multi layered subcontracting. Customer protection sits in the middle of these regimes because customers transact on UPI, cards, wallets and aggregator led checkouts without always dealing directly with a bank, so allocation of liability for failed, delayed or fraudulent transactions must be inferred from RBI's PA directions, NPCI rule books and the BNS/BSA provisions on electronic records and fraud. The enforcement trajectory from 2022 to 2025 shows the RBI becoming more intrusive, extending PA supervision to offline transactions, tightening merchant due diligence, imposing capital and fit-and-proper criteria on non-bank intermediaries, and repeatedly reminding regulated entities that outsourcing of KYC, IT or collections does not outsource responsibility. The reform roadmap therefore lies in clearer statutory anchoring of RBI's digital directions under the PSS Act, harmonising DPDP consent artefacts with the mature AA framework, creating interoperable reporting rails between RBI and CERT-In, and writing sectoral rules that allow proportionate KYC for low value accounts while preserving audit assured traceability for higher risk products.

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 Keywords

Digital banking; Reserve Bank of India; Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007; Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023; CERT-In Directions (2022); KYC Master Direction (updated 2025); Digital Lending Guidelines (2022)

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 Abstract

Uchch shiksha par nayi shiksha niti 2020 ka prabhav

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Uchch shiksha par nayi shiksha niti 2020 ka prabhav

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The rapid digitalization of commercial transactions has revolutionized contract formation and dispute resolution, giving rise to new forms of electronic contracts e.g. click-wrap, browse-wrap, e-signature agreements, and smart contracts operating on blockchain platforms. As technology increasingly becomes central to contractual relationships, arbitration traditionally valued for its flexibility and efficiency must adapt to this evolving digital landscape. In the Indian context, while the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 and the Information Technology Act, 2000 provide a basic framework for recognizing electronic contracts and digital signatures, several gaps and ambiguities persist. Challenges range from enforceability of arbitration clauses in standard-form digital contracts to procedural uncertainties in virtual hearings, e-signature validity, and jurisdictional complexities in cross-border e-contracts. This article critically examines the intersection of e-contracting and arbitration under Indian law, supported by judicial precedents such as Trimex International v. Vedanta, Shakti Bhog Foods v. Kola Shipping, and Texco Marketing v. TATA AIG. It identifies key legal ambiguities--including inconsistent treatment of digital vs. electronic signatures, lack of clarity on consent in adhesion contracts, and enforceability issues with smart contracts. Further, it evaluates the Draft Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2024, which attempts to modernize the arbitration framework by recognizing virtual hearings and digital arbitration agreements. Drawing on comparative international practices and model laws like UNCITRAL, the paper advocates for a unified, technology-neutral arbitration framework. It calls for legislative and procedural reforms that define the scope of e-signatures, regulate digital arbitration platforms, ensure procedural fairness, and promote cross-border enforceability. A future-ready arbitration regime is vital not only for enhancing commercial confidence but also for ensuring equitable access to justice in the digital age.

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 Keywords

E-contract disputes, Digital arbitration, Electronic signatures, Arbitration clause in digital contracts, Legal enforceability of e-contracts.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.), an evergreen tall tree native to Australia and Tasmania, has been used since ancient times by the aboriginal population for several purposes. In particular, the species E. globulus is widely used in the pulp industry, as well as for the production of eucalyptus oil extracted on a commercial scale in many countries as raw materials in perfumery, cosmetics, food, beverages, aromatherapy and phytotherapy. The 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), the principal and the most important constituents extracted from eucalyptus leaves, demonstrated an antimicrobial and anti- inflammatory activities. Despite the fact that the healthy effects of eucalyptus have been well established by research, further studies are necessary to investigate other prime effects of the plant and its possible implication in the treatment of a greater number of pathological conditions. The interest in the use of Eucalyptus genus members, in parallel with preclinical studies has been steadily growing over the last few decades in the field of pharmaceuticals, agriculture, cosmetics, food, etc. Eucalyptol (1,8-cineole or cineole), the main terpenoid constituent in Eucalyptus species, has been studied in both preclinical and clinical settings for its various pharmacologic activities. Investigations into the pharmacological activities of the genus Eucalyptus revealed that it manifests astounding potential in the treatment and management of respiratory disorders, COVID-19, pain, oral health, infectious diseases, cancer, etc.

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A review on pharmacological activity on "Eucalyptus"

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract: Lightweight concrete is a modern construction material designed to reduce structural weight while maintaining strength and durability. This project focuses on developing and evaluating lightweight concrete using alternative materials such as pumice stone, expanded clay, and fly ash as partial or complete replacements for traditional aggregates. Various mix proportions were tested for workability, compressive strength, density, and durability following IS standards. Results showed that lightweight concrete has a significantly lower density than conventional concrete while retaining sufficient strength for structural applications. The mix containing pumice stone and fly ash provided the best balance between weight reduction and strength. Additionally, using fly ash supports sustainability by reducing cement use and industrial waste. Overall, the study concludes that lightweight concrete is a strong, eco-friendly, and economical option suitable for structural and non-structural applications, including high-rise buildings, precast components, and bridge decks.

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Lightweight concrete, pumice stone, expanded clay, fly ash, compressive strength, density reduction.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The mental health of the elderly has been brought to the fore as a pressing problem accompanying the ever-increasing demographic transition to an aging population in worldwide environments, and the sense of urgency is especially noticeable in the urban Indian environment where gaps in access to care and social support systems are still present. Primary care is potentially a gateway to mental health interventions due to the integrated, accessible and holistic nature of services provided at primary care. The aim of this study was to examine how three key determinants, namely the quality of primary care, the relationship between the patient and the provider, and the existence of barriers to mental health care, can affect the overall health of older adults living in the province of Mangalore. They were aimed at testing the individual and simultaneously combined effects of these variables as well as the dimensions of primary care that most significantly predict mental health outcomes. The methodology used was a quantitative survey where thirty elderly respondents were used to collect data with a structured questionnaire that included demographic questions and Likert-scale questions covering the four variables. Random sampling method was employed and the obtained data were analysed through descriptive statistics and regression analysis within the SPSS. The results presented that the quality of primary care proved to be the most powerful and statistically significant predictor of well-being and showed a positive impact clearly. The patient-provider relationship was also associated with an upward trend although not statistically significant whereas barriers to mental health care have no perceivable influence in this sample. However, the composite predictor model that entails all three predictors explained about ninety percent of the well-being variance, which supports the significant role of primary care in determining mental health outcomes. The research finds that the quality of primary care service should be promoted as the most effective approach to the psychological well-being of older adults, and the establishment of supportive relationships between the patient and the provider and the reduction of systemic obstacles are other aspects that should be prioritized in future research and practice.

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 Keywords

Primary care, Mental health, Older adults, Patient provider relationship, Barriers to care, Well-being

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition