Volume 13 | Issue 10 |

 Abstract

The N??ma?ikka?igai, an eminent work of Tamil neethi (ethical) literature, occupies a distinctive place in the moral-philosophical discourse of classical Tamil society. Composed primarily by Vilambi N?gan?r in the venpa meter, its 106 verses encapsulate moral ideals in compact fourfold expressions, likened to a jewel strung with four gems. This study examines the conceptualization of aram (virtue) within the text, foregrounding its role as the foundation of human life and social order. Core themes--including love (anbu), family life (illvaazhkkai), charity (eegai), discipline (ozhukkam), compassion, and non-violence--are analyzed to demonstrate their ethical universality and continued applicability. The text emphasizes purity of thought, self-restraint, and communal harmony as prerequisites for meaningful existence. By situating these values within the broader trajectory of Tamil moral philosophy, this article argues that N??ma?ikka?igai not only reflects the ethical consciousness of its time but also offers enduring guidance for contemporary individual integrity and collective well-being.

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 Keywords

N??ma?ikka?igai, Tamil literature, ethics, virtue (aram), moral philosophy, Vilambi N?gan?r

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Chinua Achebe's seminal novel Things Fall Apart (1958) provides a profound exploration of traditional Igbo society in pre-colonial Nigeria, with a particular focus on the rigid constructs of masculinity and gender roles. This research paper examines how expectations of masculinity within Igbo culture profoundly shape the protagonist Okonkwo's character, actions, and ultimate tragic fate. Drawing on themes of strength, aggression, and patriarchal dominance, the study analyzes Okonkwo's hyper-masculine persona as a reaction to his father's perceived weakness, illustrating how societal pressures lead to his isolation, exile, and suicide. The discussion extends to the broader implications of these gender dynamics, including the subjugation of women and the clash with colonial influences that exacerbate Okonkwo's downfall. The paper employs a qualitative methodology rooted in literary criticism, incorporating feminist and postcolonial perspectives to interpret the text. Findings reveal that while Igbo masculinity emphasizes physical prowess, titles, and yam cultivation as markers of manhood, it also harbours inherent contradictions, such as the reverence for female deities like the Earth Goddess, which Okonkwo's rigid adherence ignores, leading to his demise. Suggestions for future research include comparative studies with Achebe's later works or other African literature to trace evolving gender representations. This analysis underscores the novel's critique of toxic masculinity and its enduring relevance in contemporary discussions on gender equity.

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 Keywords

Masculinity, Gender Roles, Igbo Culture, Okonkwo, Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart, Postcolonial Literature, Feminist Criticism

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A series of Cobalt(II) complexes with Schiff bases derived from triazole-containing ligands have been synthesized and investigated for their physico-chemical properties. The ligands were prepared by condensation of triazole derivatives with selected aldehydes, and their Cobalt(II) complexes were obtained by direct reaction with cobalt(II) salts. The synthesized complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility, infrared and UV-visible spectroscopy. The IR spectra confirmed coordination through the azomethine (C=N) group and the triazole nitrogen donor atoms, while the electronic spectra together with magnetic moment data indicated octahedral geometry around the cobalt(II) ion. Thermal analysis revealed good stability of the complexes with stepwise decomposition patterns. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed quasi-reversible Co(II)/Co(III) redox couples. The combined results demonstrate that triazole-based Schiff bases act as efficient chelating ligands for cobalt(II), affording stable complexes with distinctive structural and electronic features, which may find potential applications in catalysis, materials chemistry, and bio-inorganic systems.

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 Keywords

Triazole derivatives, Spectroscopic characterization, Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Electronic spectra (UV-Vis), Magnetic susceptibility and Chelating ligands.

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The rising academic pressure and lifestyle challenges have significantly increased stress among college students. Stress negatively affects mental health, academic performance, and overall well-being. This study investigates the role of yoga as a stress management tool, emphasizing its effectiveness in reducing stress and enhancing mental health. Sixty college students were assessed using the Tiwari Stress Assessment Questionnaire (TSAQ)before and after an eight-week yoga intervention. Results revealed a significant reduction in stress levels for both male and female students. The findings are supported by concepts from "???? ??????? : ???????????? ??????" (Tiwari,R.K. 2025), which highlight stress not only as a psychological challenge but also as an opportunity for adaptation when managed effectively.

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Yoga, Stress Management, Mental Health, College Students, Psychological Well-being, Tiwari Stress Assessment Questionnaire (TSAQ)

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An appointed court receiver, acting as a fiduciary representative of the court, is tasked with managing, protecting, and preserving disputed property during a legal dispute to safeguard the interests of all parties. Their core powers and duties include bringing and defending suits related to the property, managing its assets, collecting rents, presenting accounts to the court, and securing the property against mismanagement or damage. The appointment is a discretionary power of the court, granted when it is "just and convenient," and ensures the property's status quo is maintained until a final judgment is rendered.

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Court Receiver, Powers, Duties, Civil Procedure Code, Property Management, Litigation.

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A review on Mental Health Analysis Using Artificial Intelligence

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Mental Health Analysis, Natural Language Processing, Sentiment Analysis, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning

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This academic discourse examines the progressive evolution of village governance in Mizoram, focusing its analysis on the transition from hereditary chieftainship to democratically established Village Councils. Established within the legislative context provided by the Lushai Hills District (Village Councils) Act of 1953, this evolution replaced the centralized authority of chieftains with participatory mechanisms that represented grassroots democratic principles. The research elucidates how the dissolution of chieftainship signified not merely a political restructuring but also engendered a significant sociological transition, effectively dismantling established hierarchies, redistributing power, and empowering the general populace of villagers. Since that time, Village Councils have assumed a crucial role in reconfiguring leadership paradigms, promoting inclusivity through electoral participation, and ingraining democratic values within the fabric of community existence. By scrutinizing this pivotal transformation, the article accentuates the capacity of indigenous tribal institutions to adapt to contemporary governance norms while concurrently safeguarding cultural identity.

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Village Councils, Chieftainship Abolition, Grassroots Democracy, Mizoram Governance, Tribal Institutions, Sociopolitical Transformation

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This paper examines the posthuman themes in Never Let Me Go (2005) by Kazuo Ishiguro by scrutinizing the novel's critique of the limitations and moral dilemmas inherent in a posthuman society. It aims to investigate the tension between the characters' acceptance of their predestined fate and their quest for meaning in a world that regards them as mere instruments for survival. The paper contextualizes Never Let Me Go within the broader framework of posthumanist thought and delves into the ways in which clones created for organ donation redefine love, identity, and selfhood, thereby highlighting the ethical implications of cloning. The paper focuses on how the clones' relationships and emotions are shaped by their biological purpose and reveals a nuanced portrayal of posthumanism where humanity is explored through the lens of the non-human. These insights emphasize the novel's critical engagement with ethical dilemmas in a world that is increasingly defined by biotechnology and the reimagining of what it means to be human. Ultimately, the paper concludes that Ishiguro's novel urges readers to reconsider the ethics of bioengineering and the future of human life in an increasingly technologized world and offers a nuanced reflection on the intersection of humanity and posthumanity.

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Posthuman, identity, ethics, personhood, anthropocentrism, memory

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This study examines the global rise in cancer incidence, exploring contributors such as aging populations, lifestyle factors, environmental risks, and disparities in healthcare access. It synthesizes regional patterns, progress in treatments, societal impact, and potential interventions to reduce future burden.

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The Rising Trend of Increasing Cancer

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Amish Tripathi's bestselling Shiva Trilogy is not merely a mythological retelling; it is a complex tapestry woven with intricate socio-economic and political theories. This paper delves into the multifaceted socio-economic landscape of the trilogy, examining the contrasting ideologies of the seemingly utopian Meluha and the liberal Swadeep. It critically analyses the trilogy's exploration of the caste system, presenting both a meritocratic ideal and its eventual decay into a rigid, birth-based hierarchy. Furthermore, this paper investigates the central role of the divine drink, Somras, as a critical economic resource that shapes foreign policy, fuels conflict, and precipitates an ecological crisis. Through a close reading of the novels and an engagement with secondary scholarly sources, this research argues that Tripathi uses the mythological narrative to critique and comment on contemporary socio-economic issues, including social stratification, environmental degradation, and the perpetual tension between individual liberty and state control. The paper also explores the portrayal of gender roles and the status of marginalized communities, such as the Nagas, to highlight the author's engagement with themes of social justice and inclusivity. Ultimately, this research posits that the Shiva Trilogy serves as a modern-day parable, employing ancient narratives to provoke thought on the ideal societal structure and the inherent complexities of its practical implementation.

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 Keywords

Somras, Naga, Myth, Economics, Marginalized Community

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