Volume 13 | Issue 10 |

 Abstract

Within modern mathematics and philosophy, the concept of a ‘set’ is soundly captured in the works of Moore and Russell; it affords a context in which we can organize collections of objects (real or abstract) in a systematic way. The term “set” was first used by Georg Cantor in his studies on trigonometric series. This changed completely the history of math and logic as set theory introduced an exact language that allowed us to model relations between particular elements. According to Cantor, a set is a collection that contains distinct objects as parts or members within one entity; on the other hand, Patrick Suppes defines a set as any kind of object composed of elements–in this case both simple and complex. This article differentiates between two aspects of sets, the mathematical and philosophical one. More specifically, it implies that sets play an important role in logic and relation . It starts by giving the definition of a set and its representation using Roster and Set-Builder methods. After this the types of sets such as finite set, infinite set, equal sets, subsets, proper subsets are described in depth. It also discusses concept of membership and the main set operations – union, intersection are examined. It also occupies the domain beyond mathematics. This paper scrutinizes the issue of relations from a philosophical point of view and their role in knitting individuals and objects as well as in creating the basis of meaning and existence in human context. Relations are categorized into eight primary classes depending on reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity. They are such relationships that people explain through ‘is a brother of’ ‘uses the same WhatsApp group’—real life examples are given through such relationships. Thus, this research demonstrates that the set theory both in the formal sense and in the human life experience is organized through relational frameworks. It concludes that set theory is not merely an abstract mathematical theory but it is also a philosophical paradigm that gives a great depth of understanding of the order, relationship and interdependence in the universe.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Set theory, Types of sets, Set operations, Membership, Relation, Reflexive, Symmetric, Transitive

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

ABSTRACT Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome was originally described in 1935 by Stein and Leventhal as a syndrome manifested by amenorrhea, hirsutism and obesity associated with enlarged polycystic ovaries. The predisposing risk factors include genetics, neuroendocrine, lifestyle, environment, obesity that contributes to the development of PCOS. The pathophysiological aspect of PCOS mainly focuses on hormonal dysfunction, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenism leading to impaired folliculogenesis which arise the risk for associated comorbidities like endometrial cancer, type II diabetes etc. Methods: Quantitative studies published between 2015 and 2025 were undertaken for the systematic review. A comprehensive review of published literature and journal articles from PubMed, Google scholar, and Medline databases was done. Search strategy specific to each database was used. During initial search 1428 titles were retrieved and after screening 12 articles were selected for full text screening. Finally, 12 research articles were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Results: All 12 articles of research studies supported that lifestyle modification package on polycystic ovarian syndrome effective in enhancing knowledge on PCOS life style habits, BMI, menstrual pattern and quality of life. Conclusion: Lifestyle modification forms the cornerstone of managing polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Through a holistic approach that includes balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, stress management, and adequate sleep, women with PCOS can achieve significant improvements in hormonal balance, menstrual regularity, insulin sensitivity, and overall quality of life. Implementing a structured lifestyle modification package empowers individuals to take control of their health, reduce the risk of long-term complications such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and improve reproductive outcomes. Therefore, promoting sustainable lifestyle changes should be prioritized as a first-line intervention in the prevention and management of PCOS.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Polycystic ovarian syndrome, lifestyle modification package on polycystic ovarian syndrome, adolescent girls.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Landslides are a significant natural hazard in mountainous regions, posing threats to human life, infrastructure, and the environment. Traditional Landslide detection methods often rely on manual observations and post-event analysis, which are insufficient for real-time alerts. The Landslide Sentinel system addresses this gap by offering a real-time, automated, auditory and visual alert mechanism using a combination of Impact sub-sensors, Gyroscope sub-sensors, Proximity Ultrasonic sub-sensors, Navigation trackers and IoT technology.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Impact sub-sensors, Resistive heating, Gyroscope sub-sensors, Proximity Ultrasound sub-sensors and NavIC Trackers

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract :- Nepal's Political Evaluation is a remarkable narrative of transformation, resilience, and democratic experimentation. From an entrenched monarchy that centralized political power for more than two centuries to a participatory democratic republic, the nation's history mirrors the broader South Asian Struggle for political modernism and civic empowerment. The monarchy under the Shah and Rana regimes Symbolized a hierarchical governance structure that resisted reform, but successive popular movements particularly the people's Movements of 1990 and 2006 - Served as defining milestones that redefined Nepal's Socio - Political landscape. The abolition of the monarchy in 2008 was not merely a structural shift ; it marked a psychological rupture between traditional legitimacy and popular sovereignty. However, the optimism of a democratic republic has been tempered by Persistent political instability, corruption and elite capture of the state apparatus. In this context, the emergence of Generation Z as a Political actor has reinvigorated Nepal 's democratic imagination. These digitally aware and globally connected youths have used social media, protest culture, and civic networks to demand transparency consciousness that transcands traditional party politics. Thus, this research evaluates Nepal's Political trajectory from monarchism to Gen Z - led protests as an evolving continuum of democratic engagement - where the youth redefine citizenship, leadership, and collective action in twenty - first - century Nepal.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords :- Nepal, Monarchy, Democracy, Political Transformation, Generation Z, Youth Activism, Governance, Protest Movements, Political Transition, Federalism.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: A data stream represents a continuous, real-time, and ordered sequence of data items that arrive at high velocity from dynamic sources such as network traffic, sensor outputs, financial transactions, and call centre logs. Unlike traditional data mining, which deals with static and finite datasets, data stream mining involves extracting meaningful knowledge structures from unbounded and rapidly evolving data. The major challenge lies in handling the volume, velocity, and variability of continuous data streams while maintaining computational efficiency and limited memory usage. To address these challenges, several algorithms have been developed for mining frequent item sets in streaming environments, including Apriori, Partition, Pincer-Search, FP-Growth, Dynamic Itemset Counting, ECLAT (Equivalent Class Clustering and Bottom-Up Lattice Traversal), and RARM (Rapid Association Rule Mining). Among these, the ECLAT algorithm employs a vertical data format for efficient frequent pattern discovery, whereas RARM utilizes a tree-based structure to represent transactions for rapid rule generation and minimal database scans. This study presents a comparative experimental analysis of ECLAT and RARM algorithms for mining frequent item sets in data streams. The experimental results demonstrate that RARM outperforms ECLAT in terms of execution time, scalability, and memory efficiency, making it a more competent choice for high-speed streaming data environments. The findings highlight the potential of adaptive algorithms like RARM for real-time analytics, paving the way for future integration with Machine Learning-based stream mining models to enhance predictive accuracy and intelligent decision-making in Big Data applications.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords - data streams; frequent pattern; mining; performance, RARM Algorithm; ECLAT Algorithm

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Learning Management System (LMS) already plays a crucial role in redefining the future of today's student where they are technology savvy. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is another jargon which is taking the world at a good pace in almost all the fields in recent years. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools into Learning Management Systems (LMS) is transforming the students of higher educational institute students by enhancing their quality, accessibility, and efficiency of learning. The benefits are such as individualized learning tracks, instant feedback, intelligent tutoring and predictive analytics. This study highlights the transformative impact of AI on LMS environments and highlights the strengths, barriers and ethical issues associated with its adoption in higher educational institute.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Learning Management System, Artificial Intelligence, Educational technology

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

A transdermal patch is a transdermal delivery method that can solve issues with oral medication administration and other traditional drug administration methods. Compared to oral administration, patches can offer controlled drug release and have benefits like avoiding first- pass metabolism, improving drug bioavailability, preventing gastrointestinal (GI) tract side effects, reducing patient variability, keeping a constant drug in plasma, and producing a stable therapeutic effect. The historical development, justification, and mechanism of drug absorption by transdermal patches--passive diffusion over the stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis-- are covered in this article. Numerous patch kinds are investigated, such as drug-in-adhesive systems, reservoir, and matrix. Drugs with low molecular weight, lipophilicity, and high potency are ideal for TDDS, whereas patches need biocompatible polymers and strong adherence. Although transdermal systems provide benefits like regulated dosage and fewer adverse effects, they can have drawbacks including skin irritation and poor drug permeability. Clinically effective drugs include fentanyl patches, nitroglycerin, and nicotine. Nanotechnology-enabled patches, iontophoresis, and microneedles are potential future developments.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Transdermal drug delivery, Transdermal patches, Controlled release, Skin permeability.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Folktale and folklore are one of the most important elements among the Tripuri community of Tripura that brings old and new generation together through the narration of folktale. This article will mainly focus on Kokborok folktale of Tripura and know about the culture heritage and norms reading through the selected folktales of Tripura. Folktale is an oral tradition which serves as preserving culture and heritage. It displays the society and societal norms and practices, simple lifestyle of Tripuri people who goes to Jhum, houses like Gairing Nok (houses made of bamboo), their belief and connection with gods and deities, rituals and customs etc. There are different types of folktales and folklore one of each having moral lessons.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Folktale, Culture and Heritage, Tripuri community, societal norms, cultural belief.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

"This paper contributes to the literature by proposing an AI-driven framework for real-time threat detection that combines machine learning and deep learning techniques. It systematically evaluates multiple AI algorithms, incorporates IoT network traffic analysis, and demonstrates improved detection accuracy, reduced false positives, and faster response times. This research bridges the gap between traditional rule-based systems and adaptive AI models, providing a practical solution for modern cybersecurity challenges."

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

AI-driven framework

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: Section 515A of the Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888, introduced through the 2012 amendment, restricts the jurisdiction of civil courts in matters relating to demolition and removal of unauthorized constructions under Sections 351 and 354A. The purpose of this statutory bar is to prevent delays caused by civil suits and injunctions that obstruct municipal enforcement. While the amendment strengthens administrative efficiency, judicial interpretations particularly from the Bombay High Court have emphasized that such efficiency must coexist with procedural fairness. Courts have recognized the validity of the jurisdictional bar but have insisted on compliance with principles of natural justice, including the right to notice and a reasoned order. This paper explores the legislative rationale, judicial treatment, and procedural implications of Section 515A, examining how the provision attempts to balance municipal autonomy with individual rights in cases of demolition of unauthorized structures. The analysis highlights how the judiciary has balanced public interest with individual justice, making Section 515A a pivotal and evolving area of municipal law.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Section 515A, MMC Act, Unauthorized Construction, Jurisdictional Bar, Designated Officer, Urban Governance

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition