Volume 13 | Issue 10 |

 Abstract

This research explores into how Pupil-teachers see the application of information and communication technology (ICT) in teacher preparation. ICT's importance in education has grown as a result of how the digital revolution is impacting many different industries. This study's goal is to ascertain how student-teachers see the use of ICT tools and techniques in teacher preparation courses. With the use of a mixed-methods approach, information from student-teachers enrolled in various teacher education programs was gathered via surveys and interviews. According to the findings, student-teachers have a generally favourable outlook on the application of ICT in teacher education and are aware of how it might improve teaching and instructing environments. However, issues including restricted technology access, inadequate training, and doubts regarding the usefulness of ICT technologies were also noted. Now in present situation ICT plays an important role in teaching learning field. ICT helps to understand the difficulties in easiest way. ICT make understand the pedagogical things in different perspectives. Teacher Educators will understand pedagogical issues by using ppt, animation, videos. ICT integration effectively raises the standard of teacher preparation. Teacher education is a Nobel profession; it makes teacher self-reliance. By the teacher education program, we can develop the inner potential of the teachers. In normal methodology of teaching, we can develop the teacher education in one perspective but by use of ICT (Information and communication Technology) we can develop the innovative idea of teacher educators. Now in present situation ICT plays an important role in teaching learning field. ICT helps to understand the difficulties in easiest way. ICT make understand the pedagogical things in different perspectives. Teacher Educators will understand pedagogical issues by using ppt, animation, videos. Integration of ICT make effective to improve the quality of teacher education. This study will help teaching learning process more productive in Teacher Education institute. This study also emphasizes how crucial a friendly and accommodating atmosphere is for the use of ICT in teaching and learning that works for student-teacher.

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 Keywords

Pupil-teachers, Teacher education, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Perception, Digital transformation, Technology access.

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Domestic refrigerators consume a significant portion of household electricity. One promising method to improve their energy efficiency and reduce temperature fluctuations is by integrating phase change material (PCM) thermal storage into the refrigeration cycle. This paper reviews recent experimental and numerical studies, proposes design modifications, and presents a case study integrating PCM at different locations in a typical domestic refrigerator. Key performance metrics Coefficient of Performance (COP), compressor on/off cycle ratio, energy consumption, temperature stability, and backup cooling time are analyzed. Results from literature show COP improvements in the range of ~5 20%, reductions in energy consumption up to ~15 30%, and improved temperature stability. Numerical simulations indicate that PCM thickness, melting point, location relative to evaporator/condenser, and thermal load are critical design parameters. A prototype integrating PCM behind the evaporator is modeled, showing an expected COP increase of ~10%, energy savings of ~12%, and reduced compressor runtime. Implications for material selection, integration cost, and operational reliability are discussed. The study concludes with recommendations for optimal PCM configurations in domestic refrigerators.

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 Keywords

COP, PCM, Compressor work, Energy consumption

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This research work give a comparative investigate on the effect of temperature variation and surfactant on the thermodynamic and transport properties of binary and ternary system involving 18-crown-6 ether and alkali metal ions. The binary liquid system (18-crown-6 + 1 millimoles alkali metal salt) and ternary liquid system (18-crown-6 + 1 millimoles alkali metal salt + 1 cmc surfactant) were investigated at 298.15K, 308.15K. Thermodynamic parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (Ks), free length (Lf) and acoustic impedance (Z) were calculated to understand the complexation and interaction in between 18-crown-6 and alkali metal ions, while transport properties such as viscosity provided comprehension into 18-crown-6 ether and alkali metal ions mobility and dynamic behavior governing the host guest chemistry in binary and ternary systems and point up the influence of thermal condition and surfactant on supramolecular interaction. In binary and ternary systems 18-crown-6 crown ether formed strong complexation with alkali metal ions as the following order RbBr > RbCl > CsBr > CsCl

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 Keywords

18-crown-6, surfactant, alkali metal ions, binary system, ternary system, temperature supramolecular interaction, complexation.

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The Transfer of property Act, 1882 is an important statute under Indian property law which governs the transfer of property between living persons. The statute focuses on depicting the structured legal framework for various types of property transactions such as sale, mortgage, lease, exchange, and gift. Also defines the rights and obligations of parties involved in property transfers, the Act ensures legal certainty and protects ownership interests. This project explores the key provisions of the Act and its implications within the framework of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. The CPC plays a crucial role in enforcing the substantive rights granted by the Transfer of Property Act, especially in civil suits related to possession, title disputes, and injunctions. It highlights the procedural aspects of property disputes, judicial interpretations, and the balance between substantive and procedural justice.

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 Keywords

1. Transfer of Property, 2. Civil Code, 3. Property Rights, 4. Legal Procedure, 5. Ownership, 6. Title, 7. Possession

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Abstract: Santosh Kumar Ghosh occupies a distinctive place in modern Bengali fiction. Among the writers who engaged with the theme of Partition, Ghosh emerges as a novelist of a different sensibility and perspective, reflecting the moral and psychological crisis of the time in a unique narrative voice. In his stories reflect the refugee crisis caused by the Partition, communal harmony that followed, the pain of displacement, the recollection of past memories, and the struggle for identity in the post-Partition period. His stories vividly portray the harsh realities of those who, not only in East or West Bengal but even beyond the borders of India, suffered and led helpless lives as victims of the Partition. In this paper, I have discussed Santosh Kumar Ghosh's short story 'Dwij' in the context of the refugee crisis, exploring the conflicts and complexities of middle-class existence in post-Partition Bengal. In the story 'Dwij' the writer shows that after the Partition, the Bengali middleclass people fell in to a deep crisis. On one hand, they are educated, cultured and religious; on the other hand, they are victims of fear, insecurity, and self-centeredness in real life. They speak of humanity, yet lose their sense of humaneness. Pride in religion and community makes them believe in their own superiority. In this story, the author shows that people can rise above the divisions and hatred of Partition and return to the light humanity - becoming the true 'Dwij', the reborn human beings. For the author partition is not only social reality but also a moral test in which the middleclass society fails the trial of humanity. Therefore, this story is not merely about the life of refugees; it is a profound moral protest against the downfall of humanity.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Partition, Middle-Class Struggles, Refugee Crisis, Illegal entry, Communal riot, Laking Humanity

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Voice-based interfaces powered by Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) represent a transformative shift in human-computer interaction. As of 2025, over 8.4 billion voice-enabled devices are actively used worldwide, reflecting the widespread adoption of this technology. This paper explores recent innovations in voice user interfaces, including transformer-based models, multimodal architectures, emotion detection systems, and privacy-preserving on-device processing. We examine the evolution from traditional command-based systems to conversational AI agents capable of understanding context, detecting emotions, and responding with human-like naturalness. The research highlights key applications in healthcare, customer service, and accessibility, while addressing critical challenges in accuracy, privacy, and cross-cultural adaptation. Through analysis of current literature and emerging trends, this study demonstrates how voice interfaces are reshaping digital interaction paradigms and proposes future directions for research in emotionally intelligent, privacy-focused, and context-aware voice systems.

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 Keywords

Voice User Interfaces, Natural Language Processing, Artificial Intelligence, Speech Recognition, Transformer Models, Multimodal AI, Emotion Detection, Privacy-Preserving Computing, Conversational AI

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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:Lung conditions including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have long been treated with pressurized metered dosage inhalers, or MDIs. In order to atomize medication and excipient droplets that should ideally deposit in the lungs, MDIs rely on the propellant, which makes up the majority of the MDI formulation. Along with a better understanding of the effects of formulation variables on product performance, many advancements were made in the methods of formulating for MDI drug delivery during the phase-out of chlorofluorocarbon propellants and the introduction of more ecologically friendly hydrofluoroalkane propellants. Taking into account the physicochemical characteristics of different excipients and how their addition may affect the MDI's overall product performance, this paper surveys the difficulties involved in creating MDIs as solution or suspension products containing one or more medications.

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pMDI ,History, Uses, Parts of pMDI ,Advantages and Disadvantages.

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This research presents the design and development of an integrated framework that connects AI-based personal assistants with Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems to enable smart living. The system is designed to enhance user convenience, automation, and energy efficiency in daily life. The paper explains each stage of development, including requirement analysis, system design, module integration, and implementation. The proposed model allows AI personal assistants to communicate with IoT-enabled devices such as smart lights, thermostats, security systems, and appliances using voice or contextual commands. The integration ensures seamless data exchange, intelligent decision-making, and adaptive learning to create a connected, personalized living environment.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Personal Assistant, Internet of Things, Smart Living, Automation, Connectivity

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The successful implementation of Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) is vital for lifelong learning and holistic development. Guided by NEP 2020, this study examines the practices and challenges of pre-primary education in Prayagraj through a descriptive design using a checklist-based survey of 50 teachers and 50 parents from 25 institutions. Data were categorized into Outdoor and Indoor Facilities covering indicators like playgrounds, toilets, drinking water, medical rooms, teaching methods, and digital tools. Results show that while basic facilities such as toilets and drinking water exist, gaps remain in shaded play areas, medical infrastructure, and fencing. Indoor environments have adequate lighting but lack digital aids, rest spaces, and ECCE-aligned curricula. Parents largely validated teacher findings yet showed low awareness of NEP 2020 and minimal participation. Major challenges include inadequate funding, poor infrastructure, limited training, and large class sizes. However, good practices like creative teaching aids and community involvement were observed. The study urges capacity-building, district-level policy execution, and parental awareness programs to bridge the gap between NEP 2020 goals and ground realities.

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 Keywords

Pre-Primary Education, Early childhood care and education (ECCE)

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO? NPs) are extensively used in nanotechnology for their potent antibacterial activity, chemical stability, and biocompatibility. This study deals with an environment friendly and biosynthesis process for pharmacological applications of titanium oxide nanoparticles, derived from Akarkara (Anacyclus pyrethrum) root aqueous extract. The formation and characterisation of TiO2NPs were confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX).The antibacterial activities were carried out cells with different concentrations respectively. The TiO2 nanoparticles inhibited the growth of the bacterial pathogens significantly, in a dose and duration dependent manner.

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 Keywords

Anacyclus pyrethrum, Titanium dioxide nanoparticles, Antibacterial Activity.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition