Volume 14 | Issue 1 | January-2026

 Abstract

The freedom movement in India was marked by widespread participation across regions, and Bombay, Karnataka emerged as important centres of political awakening between 1919 and 1947. This paper explores the dynamics of mass mobilisation in this region, focusing on the interaction between Gandhian ideology, local leadership, and socio-political structures. The study analyses how the principles of non-violence, swadeshi, and self-reliance were adapted to local conditions, inspiring participation from diverse groups, including peasants, students, women, and workers. Through an examination of archival sources, regional newspapers, and oral narratives, the research traces the evolution of mass movements like the Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Quit India Movements in Bombay, Karnataka. Special attention is given to the role of constructive programmes--such as the promotion of khadi, rural sanitation, education, and social reform--as mechanisms of mobilisation and consciousness-building. The study also highlights how caste associations, reformist groups, and vernacular press acted as channels for political education and national integration. By situating local initiatives within the broader framework of India's national movement, the paper argues that Bombay, Karnataka's experience reflects a unique synthesis of grassroots activism and nationalist ideology. Ultimately, it concludes that the region's socio-political mobilisation not only contributed to the downfall of colonial rule but also laid a strong foundation for post-independence democratic and developmental values.

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 Keywords

Mobilisation, Freedom movement, Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, Quit India Movements

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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With the emergence of new technologies every year, our perception of the world around us has changed. Digital technological interventions have transformed traditional face-to-face classroom teaching and learning ambience. The growth of ICT infrastructure, tools and devices like reliable internet connectivity, mobile phones, laptops have made possible online delivery of high-quality learning material anywhere, anytime, at any location, in any language. Online education offers the potential of unrestricted access to quality education. In the current circumstances, a combination of online and traditional learning may be assuming a place as the right learning model. The study concludes that blended learning has the potential to be adopted in education. The study also finds that students are ready for blended learning as the next normal learning process. A blended learning mode provides ultimate flexibility in many aspects. Can be applied to any program which holds on to the values of traditional learning and incorporates digital media with that. It is a lot more effective and likeable than anything that has been ever before. Needed freedom/flexibility. Only transition from classroom to computer or vice methods and techniques, available resources indicate that blended learning mode "best of all worlds"

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 Keywords

Online education, Traditional education, blended learning, ICT.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract Anton Chekhov's The Princess explores important existentialist ideas through the life of Princess Vera Gavrilovna. Even though she has wealth, beauty, and a high place in society, she still feels empty and lonely inside. The story shows how people struggle to find meaning in life when the world does not care about their wishes. It also shows the clash between what society wants and what a person truly feels. Chekhov's simple writing style, focus on everyday details, and meaningful conversations reveal the princess's struggles with freedom, responsibility, and death. The story also connects with the thoughts of philosophers like Sartre, Camus, Heidegger, and Nietzsche, showing the human search for self-knowledge, true living, and moral responsibility.

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Keywords: Anton Chekhov, The Princess, existentialism, meaning of life, freedom, responsibility, alienation, authenticity

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Children with Disabilities (CwDs) in India face profound challenges to survival and life expectancy not because of their medical conditions alone, but because of the social and structural barriers that surround them. Poverty, prejudice, inaccessible environments, and weak policy enforcement combine to create cycles of exclusion, leaving many children marginalized in schools, healthcare, and everyday social life. This study takes a systems approach to show how these forces interact, shaping survival not as an isolated medical issue but as part of a wider web of inequality. It highlights how stigma, economic hardship, and inadequate institutional support erode dignity and wellbeing over time. Within this framework, yoga is explored not only as a therapeutic practice but also as a philosophy that emphasizes resilience, embodiment, and interconnectedness. Yoga based inclusion is presented as a pathway to healing, capacity building, and the disruption of exclusionary norms. By embedding yogic principles into disability inclusive policies, survival can be reframed from a story of deficit to one of resilience and growth. Ultimately, this paper offers a conceptual foundation for reimagining inclusive futures in India--futures where structural reforms and culturally rooted practices come together to advance equity, dignity, and longer, more fulfilling lives for children with disabilities.

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 Keywords

Survival Inequities, Inclusive Growth, Yoga, Disabilities

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Patrick White's The Tree of Man (1955) examines the lives of ordinary individuals and the quiet, persistent cycles of life. Taking place in the Australian countryside, the narrative traces the experiences of Stanley and Amy Parker, a simple couple who establish a home bordering wilderness. Their homestead Patrick White's The Tree of Man (1955) examines the lives of ordinary individuals and the quiet, persistent cycles of life. Taking place in the Australian countryside, the narrative traces the experiences of Stanley and Amy Parker, a simple couple who establish a home bordering wilderness. Their homestead forms the focal point of a story spanning generations, illustrating how human life flourishes, declines, and regenerates in parallel with the surrounding natural environment. The focal point of a story spanning generations, illustrating how human life flourishes, declines, and regenerates in parallel with the surrounding natural environment. 1955 novel, The Tree of Man, examines the lives of common individuals and the quiet, persistent cycles of life. Set in rural Australia, the narrative traces the experiences of Stanley and Amy Parker, an unassuming couple who establish a homestead on the fringes of the wilderness. Their farm serves as the focal point of a story spanning generations, illustrating how human existence evolves, declines, and regenerates in parallel with the natural environment.

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 Keywords

Absurdity, Authenticity, Isolation, ,Transcendence ,Meaninglessness

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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At present, the centralized AI development method that relies on the centralization of massive, sensitive data is now confronted with technological and ethical issues brought on by the unmanageable explosion in edge data and global regulatory mandates such as GDPR and HIPAA. This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of Federated Learning (FL) as the primordial architectural approach, a distributed machine learning paradigm in which model learning is decentralized, and raw data remains compliant with the data sovereignty principle--never leaving its physical location.

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Distributed Machine Learning, Federated Learning, Data Sovereignty, Privacy Preserving AI, Edge Computing

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This study examines gender-based differences in risk tolerance among equity investors in Surat City. Using a quantitative survey of 383 respondents, risk tolerance was assessed through scenario-based behavioural questions and analysed using SPSS. Results from independent samples t-tests revealed significantly higher mean risk tolerance scores for males compared to females (p < 0.001), indicating that gender plays a statistically meaningful role in shaping investment risk behaviour. Chi-square analysis further confirmed associations between gender and specific risk-taking decisions. Findings suggest that while financial literacy levels did not vary substantially across genders, sociocultural and psychological factors influenced women's lower inclination towards risky investment choices. The study highlights implications for financial advisors, policymakers, and investor education programs, especially in promoting gender-sensitive financial inclusion and advisory strategies.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Gender Differences, Risk Tolerance & Equity Investors.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Heritage tourism has emerged as a critical segment within cultural tourism, emphasizing the preservation, interpretation, and consumption of tangible and intangible heritage assets. Kerala, endowed with rich historical architecture, cultural traditions, and living heritage practices, has increasingly positioned heritage tourism as a strategic tourism product. Despite growing visitation, sustaining repeat visitation remains a central challenge for heritage destinations. Revisit intention is widely regarded as a key indicator of destination loyalty and long-term tourism sustainability. This theoretical article explores revisit intentions in the context of heritage tourism in Kerala by synthesizing existing literature on heritage experience, destination image, place attachment, perceived authenticity, and satisfaction. Anchored in experiential tourism theory and destination loyalty frameworks, the study conceptualizes revisit intention as an outcome of cognitive, affective, and relational processes. Through a structured narrative review, the paper identifies critical antecedents influencing tourists' intention to revisit heritage destinations and proposes a conceptual framework tailored to the Kerala context. The article contributes to heritage tourism literature by providing a theoretically grounded understanding of revisit behavior and offering directions for future empirical research and policy-oriented heritage tourism development.

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 Keywords

Heritage tourism, Revisit intention, Destination loyalty, Place attachment, Kerala

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The ISO 9001 Quality Management System (QMS) is the most widely adopted international quality standard, implemented by more than one million organisations worldwide. Despite its popularity, the impact of ISO 9001 on organisational performance remains debated, with scholars reporting both positive and mixed results. This study empirically investigates the critical factors influencing the relationship between ISO 9001 QMS implementation and organisational performance in Sri Lanka, where limited research has been conducted. Using a structured questionnaire distributed across 83 ISO 9001-certified organisations, the study examined five independent variables leadership, resource availability, operational efficiency, performance evaluation, and improvement and their effect on organisational performance. Data analysis using regression and decision tree models revealed that performance evaluation was the strongest predictor of organisational performance, followed by improvement, operational efficiency, and resource availability. Leadership showed only a weak relationship in the Sri Lankan context. While respondents acknowledged improved product and service quality and customer satisfaction after certification, issues such as excessive documentation and rigid formats were noted as challenges. The findings contribute to the ongoing debate on ISO 9001 effectiveness and provide practical implications for managers to focus on robust evaluation systems and continuous improvement mechanisms rather than mere compliance.

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 Keywords

ISO 9001, Quality Management System, organizational performance, quality management, operational efficiency, Sri Lanka, continuous improvement, leadership, Organisational performance, Business Performance.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This paper presents a wearable assistive communication system for real-time bidirectional translation between sign language and speech using embedded hardware and machine learning. A sensor-based smart glove incorporating flex sensors and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) captures hand gestures and finger movements. The acquired data is processed by an Arduino Nano and transmitted to a Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W, where a lightweight machine learning model performs gesture recognition. Recognized gestures are translated into text and synthesized speech, enabling communication for speech-impaired users. In the reverse direction, spoken input is converted to text and mapped to sign language visual outputs on a mobile interface. The system is designed to be portable, low-cost, and efficient, supporting real-time operation for daily use.

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 Keywords

Sign Language Recognition, Assistive Communication System, Smart Glove, Embedded Systems, Machine Learning, Arduino Nano, Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W, Speech-to-Text, Text-to-Speech, Wearable Technology.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition