Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

The upturn of Naxalism in India reflects deep-rooted socio-economic inequalities, political marginalization, and uneven development in tribal and rural regions. Originating as an agrarian movement, Naxalism has evolved into a significant internal security challenge, particularly in the Red Corridor states. Factors such as land alienation, exploitation of forest resources, poor governance, and lack of basic services have contributed to its resurgence. Despite various counter-insurgency and development initiatives by the government, the movement continues to attract local support. Addressing the issue requires a balanced approach combining security measures with inclusive development, justice, and effective governance.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Naxalism capitalism communism

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This unique study critically re-examines the widely accepted notion of the so-called “ozone hole,” a concept that has been a major global environmental concern for decades. Based on factual evidence, theoretical principles, and rigorous scientific reasoning, it is demonstrated that the concept of ozone depletion largely arises from the inherent limitations and inaccuracies of measurement instruments, methodologies, and interpretations. A careful analysis of the scientific processes governing the formation and destruction of stratospheric ozone reveals natural balance within the Chapman cycle, thereby challenging conventional conclusions. Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation up to 290 nm (290 nanometer = 2900 Å = 2.9×10-7 m) is effectively absorbed by stratospheric oxygen and ozone. Molecular oxygen (O₂) undergoes photolysis to yield atomic oxygen, which recombines with O₂ to form ozone (O₃). Ozone itself is continuously destroyed through photolysis and spontaneous reactions (O + O₃ → 2O₂; O₃ + O₃ → 3O₂). This continuous cycle is active only in the presence of the Sun’s UV radiation. And this megacycle benefits our Earth in many ways, both directly and indirectly. Instead, increased UV radiation at specific geographic regions (Antarctica, Arctic, Tibet, Greenland, Himalayas, Alaska, etc.) is attributed to extremely low temperatures and exceptionally clean atmospheric conditions, not to the destruction of the ozone layer. Thus, the term “ozone hole” should be interpreted as enhanced UV radiation, rather than actual ozone loss. UV radiation is classified on a health basis, not on the basis of ozone absorption or any instrument-specific measurement principle. Accordingly, it is divided into three categories: UV-A (315–400 nm), UV-B (280–315 nm), and UV-C (100–280 nm). Among these, UV-C is the most harmful, but it is completely blocked by the oxygen–ozone shield. UV-B partially reaches the Earth’s surface and plays a crucial role in vitamin-D synthesis, while UV-A, though less harmful, reaches the surface almost entirely, with its intensity modulated primarily by other atmospheric constituents. In the primary stage, the oxygen layer absorbs extremely short-wavelength solar UV radiation, leading, as a consequence, to the formation of ozone in the secondary stage. In this secondary stage, the ozone layer absorbs, interferes with, attenuates, blocks, scatters, reflects, and refracts UV radiation with wavelengths shorter than 290 nm. As a result, biologically destructive UV-C radiation is fully eliminated before reaching the surface. Modern scientific understanding has now almost firmly established that UV radiation beyond 290 nm is controlled predominantly by other atmospheric components, such as aerosols, OH, H₂O, SO₂, NO₂, CO₂, and related species. In this wavelength region, the influence of the ozone or oxygen layers is negligible, and therefore it is scientifically untenable to infer ozone concentration by measuring variations in UV intensity beyond 290 nm using instrument-based measurement principles. In conclusion, the stratospheric oxygen– ozone system functions as a natural protective umbrella for life on Earth. The perceived “ozone hole” does not represent true depletion, but rather reflects natural variations in UV radiation and limitations of measurement interpretations. The objective of this research is not to weaken environmental protection policies, but to correct pseudo-scientific narratives and establish a rigorous, fact-based scientific foundation for atmospheric studies

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

The Ozone Hole, Ozone layer depletion, The Oxygen Layer, Ozone Layer, UV Index (UVI), Atmospheric Components Freezing, polar vortex, Antarctica and Tropical Ozone Holes, Greenland, Alaska, Himalayas, Tibet and Arctic Mini Ozone Hole, Stratospheric Water Vapor (SWV) and Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI), Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs), Mega Cycles, Brewer-Dobson Circulation (BDC), Dobson Spectrophotometer, Ozone Sonde, Satellite Observations, Chapman Cycle, Stratospheric Dynamics, Surface

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In this project, we develop an IoT-Based Smart Irrigation System using ESP32 WiFi Module. The ESP32 connects to a WiFi network and uploads real-time soil moisture level, rain detection status, and pump operation status to the Adafruit IO cloud platform. The system uses a soil moisture sensor to determine the water content in the soil and a rain drop sensor to detect rainfall, enabling intelligent control of irrigation

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

IoT,Smart irrigation system,ESP32 system

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

iot, esp32, embedded,

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

"A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE IMPACT OF MOBILE PHONE ON EXAM PERFORMANCE AMONG JUNIOR COLLEGES STUDENTS IN SELECTED COLLEGE OF NAGPUR CITY."

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition