Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

This article examines contemporary Etikoppaka wooden toys as vernacular design objects that reinterpret sacred Hindu figures through minimal, child-centred forms rather than strictly adhering to classical texts such as the Shilpa Shastras. Employing qualitative methodologies, including interviews with artisans and material analysis of deity toys, the study reveals that artisans prioritise recognizability, structural stability, tactile safety, and visual clarity over intricate iconography, drawing on craft knowledge and social feedback. These toys serve as pedagogical tools that connect sacred narratives to everyday life and child development while preserving craft identity and market relevance. The findings suggest that Etikoppaka practices exemplify vernacular modernism, in which tradition serves as a flexible resource for creative innovation, underscoring the significance of adaptive cultural practices over static preservation.

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 Keywords

Etikoppaka toys; toy-based pedagogy; child-centred design; sacred representation; heritage sustainability; fancy toys

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 Abstract

Antibiotic resistance poses a significant global threat to public health, with bacterial biofilms being particularly challenging environments where resistance mechanisms are intensified. This study focuses on understanding antibiotic resistance in biofilm-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) through the application of biofilm and crystal violet assays. Biofilm formation is a key survival strategy employed by bacteria, enhancing resistance to antibiotics and host immune responses. The experimental approach involves the utilization of a biofilm assay to assess the biofilm-forming capabilities of E. coli strains. The biofilm assay provides insights into the organism's ability to adhere to surfaces and form structured biofilms, simulating conditions encountered during infections. Subsequently, the crystal violet assay is employed to quantify the biomass of the formed biofilms. This method allows for a quantitative assessment of biofilm production, offering a reliable measure of the extent of biofilm formation. The study aims to correlate the observed biofilm formation with antibiotic resistance patterns. Various antibiotics commonly used in clinical settings will be tested against planktonic and biofilm-associated E. coli strains. The results will shed light on the enhanced resistance of biofilm-producing E. coli, contributing valuable data to the understanding of antibiotic efficacy in biofilm-related infections. The research integrates artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to analyze the complex relationships between biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and genetic factors in E. coli. AI algorithms will be employed to identify patterns and predict potential resistance mechanisms, enhancing the comprehensiveness of the study. This research employs biofilm and crystal violet assays to explore antibiotic resistance in biofilm-producing E. coli. The integration of AI techniques enhances the depth of analysis, providing a holistic understanding of the intricate interplay between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance. The findings of this study will contribute to the development of targeted strategies for combating biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance in E. coli infections.

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 Keywords

Antibiotics, Antimicrobial activity, E. coli, Antimicrobial resistance, Biofilm, Multidrug resistance.

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Over-speeding is one of the major causes of road accidents and traffic violations worldwide. Accurate and automated vehicle speed monitoring plays a vital role in improving road safety and traffic management. This paper presents a Vehicle Speed Monitoring System based on video surveillance and computer vision techniques. The proposed system captures real-time video using a stationary roadside camera and detects moving vehicles using image processing algorithms. Vehicle tracking is performed across consecutive frames, and speed is calculated by measuring the distance traveled over time. When a vehicle exceeds the predefined speed limit, the system flags the violation and records the relevant data for further analysis. The proposed solution reduces manual intervention, improves monitoring efficiency, and ensures continuous operation. This system can be effectively deployed on highways and urban roads to support intelligent traffic surveillance and accident prevention.

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 Keywords

Vehicle Speed Monitoring, Computer Vision, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, YOLO, Haar Cascade, OpenCV, Real-Time Traffic Monitoring, Object Detection, Vehicle Tracking, Speed Estimation, Overspeed Detection, Intelligent Transportation Systems, Smart Cities, Traffic Law Enforcement, Automated Surveillance, Camera-Based Monitoring, Python.

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 Abstract

Telangana Loni Narayanapet Jilla Janapadakathalu

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Telangana Loni Narayanapet Jilla Janapadakathalu

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The Tripuri (also known as Tipra or Borok) people, the largest indigenous community in Tripura, Northeast India, have a rich tradition of agriculture deeply intertwined with their cultural, spiritual, and ecological worldview. Historically, their economy revolved around jhum (shifting or slash-and-burn cultivation), a sustainable rotational system suited to the state's hilly terrain. In jhum, forested plots are selected, cleared by cutting vegetation in January, burned to enrich the soil with ashes, and cultivated with mixed crops for 1-2 years before being left fallow for regeneration, traditionally for 10-15 years, though shortened cycles due to population pressures have raised sustainability concerns. Key crops include rice (the staple), maize, cotton, sesame, vegetables (e.g., sweet potatoes, cucumbers), pulses, and oilseeds, often intercropped for biodiversity and risk mitigation. Traditional tools such as daos (knives), hoes, digging sticks, and occasionally animal-drawn ploughs are employed, reflecting a labour-intensive, community-based approach. The Tripuri are noted for transitioning earlier than other tribes to settled plough cultivation in plains, combining jhum with permanent fields for greater stability. Agriculture is not merely economic but ritualistic: festivals like Garia Puja mark sowing with prayers for bountiful harvests, while Mamita celebrates post-harvest gratitude to deities. Indigenous plant protection practices, using local herbs and natural methods, underscore eco-friendly knowledge. Despite modernization-shifting toward rubber plantations, horticulture, and cash crops-these traditions preserve agro-biodiversity, communal harmony, and resilience, though facing challenges from land scarcity and environmental changes

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 Keywords

Jhum cultivation, Indigenous Farming Systems, Tripuri Tribal Culture, Traditional Agricultural Tools, Sustainable Farming practices.

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Pharmacovigilance (PV) is an essential component of modern health care systems, aimed at ensuring the safety, quality, and rational use of medicines. Although homoeopathy is widely perceived as a gentle and safe system of medicine, adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and adverse drug events (ADEs) can occur under certain circumstances. Growing global use of homoeopathic medicines, self-medication practices, and increasing regulatory scrutiny highlight the importance of structured pharmacovigilance in this field. This review discusses the concept, scope, and relevance of pharmacovigilance in homoeopathy, differentiates homoeopathic aggravations from adverse reactions, explores documented evidence of ADRs, identifies risk factors, and outlines the benefits of PV implementation for clinical practice and public confidence.

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 Keywords

Pharmacovigilance, Homoeopathy, Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR), Adverse Drug Events (ADE), Homoeopathic Aggravation, Drug Safety, AYUSH Pharmacovigilance Programme, Rational Prescribing

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The Indian start-up ecosystem is thriving, fuelled by digitalization, a fintech boom, sustainability initiatives, and Health Tech innovation. The ecosystem is critical not only for start-ups, investors, and entrepreneurs, but also governments and large corporation's Local solutions address global challenges, supported by government initiatives and a surge in venture capital. Collaborations enhance innovation, and the rise of unicorn's signals ecosystem maturation. These trends reflect a blend of technology, entrepreneurship, and policy support, positioning Indian start-ups for global impact and exponential growth. Entrepreneurial firms are the backbone of economies and drivers of both economic development and employment. The most jobs are created by young, creative entrepreneurial businesses, which are crucial to the development and expansion of new markets, sectors, and technology. These businesses frequently require large sums of money to maintain their expansion. The significance of venture capital investors and business angels has been highlighted in entrepreneurial finance literature over the past few decades. The purpose of this study is to analyze how India has developed into the world's third-largest start-up ecosystem, how the pandemic has affected the entire ecosystem, and what are the primary development drivers and obstacles that Indian start-ups and entrepreneurs currently face.

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Ecosystem, Entrepreneurial Finance, Start-up Ecosystem, Economic Development

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In today's hyper-competitive FMCG landscape, packaging is no longer just a protective layer, it functions as a critical touchpoint between brands and consumers, shaping perceptions and influencing purchase intent. This study examines how packaging elements such as colour, design, shape, material and sustainability cues affect consumer buying behaviour, with special attention to urban and rural dynamics in Prayagraj and Varanasi districts of Uttar Pradesh. Drawing on both theoretical and empirical insights, the research involved a structured survey of 73 respondents (39 from Prayagraj and 34 from Varanasi), analysed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and regression analysis through SPSS. The results reveal that rural consumers gravitate towards packaging with strong visual identifiers like logos and colour, while urban consumers show heightened preference for sustainability indicators and detailed labelling. These findings are consistent with prior studies highlighting packaging as a silent but persuasive marketing tool (Sathyanarayana & Suresh, 2017) and a key differentiator in green consumerism (Kulkarni et al., 2023). By contextualizing consumer responses to packaging within demographic realities, this study contributes to a nuanced understanding of how FMCG firms can align design strategies with consumer expectations across diverse markets.

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 Keywords

FMCG Packaging, Consumer Buying Behaviour, Urban-Rural Marketing Dynamics, Visual Packaging Cues, Sustainable Packaging, Demographic Moderators, Packaging Design Strategy and Behavioural Economics in FMCG

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The rapid expansion of digital media has significantly increased the demand for timely, accurate, and structured news content. Traditional newsroom workflows rely heavily on manual writing, editing, and verification processes, which are time-consuming and prone to human fatigue and bias. To address these limitations, this paper presents an Auto Newsroom Agent System, an intelligent multi-agent framework designed to automate the end-to-end news generation pipeline. The proposed system employs a Multi-Agent System (MAS) architecture consisting of four specialized agents: a Writer Agent based on the GPT-2 transformer model for coherent article generation, a Fact-Checker Agent utilizing a RoBERTa-based classifier for identifying potential misinformation or sensitive content, a Headline Generator Agent for concise and context-aware headline creation, and a central Editor Agent that orchestrates the overall workflow. The system accepts user-provided topics or RSS feed summaries, generates structured news articles, verifies content integrity, and stores finalized outputs in a persistent SQLite database through a Flask-based web interface. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the system can generate complete news articles within seconds while maintaining structural consistency and basic content verification. The modular design ensures scalability and extensibility, enabling future integration of advanced fact-checking and multimedia generation components. The Auto Newsroom Agent System highlights the potential of AI-driven automation in digital journalism, offering an efficient and cost-effective solution for modern news production.

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Automated Journalism, Multi-Agent Systems, Natural Language Processing, GPT-2, RoBERTa, Transformer Models, News Generation, Artificial Intelligence

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Autoimmune diseases are chronic disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly targets its own tissues, leading to persistent inflammation and progressive damage. These conditions are rising globally, with post-pandemic data revealing a surge in autoimmune markers, particularly in developing nations like India. Despite advancements in immunology and biotechnology, the complexity of autoimmunity demands an integrative and individualized approach. Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, offers a profound understanding of immune regulation through its core concepts of Agni (digestive/metabolic fire), Ama (toxic metabolic residue), Ojas (vital immunity essence), and Vyadhikshamatva (natural disease resistance). This review explores autoimmune diseases through both biomedical and Ayurvedic lenses. Modern etiological factors such as genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, hormonal influences, and immune dysregulation are compared with Ayurvedic Nidana such as Mandagni, Ama, Dosha Prakopa, and Oja-Kshaya. The article highlights how Ayurvedic pathophysiology Dosha-Dushya Sammurchana correlate with immune hyperreactivity and tissue damage. Furthermore, a comprehensive Ayurvedic management protocol is proposed, involving Panchakarma, Rasayana Chikitsa, Achara Rasayana, and herbal immunomodulators like Ashwagandha and Guduchi. Emphasis is laid on rejuvenating Ojas, restoring Agni, and removing Ama to arrest the autoimmune cascade. Integrating classical Ayurvedic wisdom with modern diagnostics may lead to more sustainable, personalized, and holistic outcomes in managing autoimmune disorders. This article encourages further research and clinical validation of integrative therapies for long-term remission and improved quality of life in patients with autoimmunity.

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 Keywords

Autoimmune Disorders, Autoimmunity, Ojas, Agni, Ama, Vyadhikshamatva

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition