Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Logistics networks frequently prioritize delivery speed, often selecting the fastest available route without explicitly evaluating the marginal financial and environmental cost of time savings. This study develops and evaluates a Green & Lean routing framework that quantifies the Cost of Speed by comparing fastest-path and shortest-path alternatives under a defined Service Level Agreement (SLA) tolerance. Using a simulation-based analysis of a synthetic Pan-India road freight network, the framework demonstrates that meaningful fuel cost and carbon emission reductions can be achieved without compromising delivery reliability. Results from 500 simulated shipments indicate substantial aggregate fuel cost savings and CO? reduction potential with zero SLA breaches, highlighting delay tolerance as a practical and scalable lever for sustainable logistics optimization.

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 Keywords

Green logistics, lean logistics, routing optimization, carbon emissions, supply chain management

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 Abstract

Understanding customer behavior is increasingly important for retaining customers and increasing profitability in the intensely competitive environment of e-commerce. This study aims to design a hybrid analytical model that combines the RFM analysis technique with machine learning algorithms in the processes of customer segmentation and churn analysis. The dataset used in this study was sourced from an e-commerce company in the UK and consists of real transactional data with detailed invoice information, several purchase quantities, and customer IDs. Following the cleaning process of this data, RFM values were calculated for each customer based on their purchasing behavior, while algorithms such as K-Means were applied to segment the customers into meaningful groups. Analyzing these clusters further will identify high-value, loyal, and at-risk customers, offering very useful information to help focus effective marketing strategies. Furthermore, the analytical framework identifies churn-prone customers based on transaction inactivity patterns about recent transaction habits. Thus, this paper shows that the integration of RFM metrics with machine learning algorithm analyses allows for a robust and data-driven analytical approach toward improving customer segmentation, churn analysis, and effective marketing strategy formulation for e-commerce businesses.

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 Keywords

Customer Segmentation, RFM Analysis, Machine Learning, K-Means Clustering, Customer Churn Analysis, Data Mining, E-Commerce Analytics, Customer Retention, Analytical Framework

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This study investigates secondary school teachers' perspectives on ethical challenges and student data privacy in the use of educational technology. With the rapid integration of digital tools in education, concerns around equitable access, digital misconduct, privacy, and data security have become prominent. Using a descriptive survey method, data were collected from 110 randomly selected secondary school teachers in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala. Two scales with Likert items assessed teachers' views on ethical dilemmas and data privacy issues. The findings reveal that approximately 70-80% of teachers express significant ethical concerns related to digital equity, online conduct, and commercial influences on learning platforms. Furthermore, a majority demonstrate strong awareness of student data privacy responsibilities and advocate for institutional safeguards and informed consent practices. The study highlights the pivotal role of teachers as ethical guides in promoting responsible technology use and protecting students in increasingly digital educational environments. These insights underscore the need for continuous professional development and robust privacy policies to support ethical and equitable adoption of educational technology.

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 Keywords

Ethical challenges in educational technology, Student data privacy, Algorithmic bias and transparency, Digital accountability

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Agriculture is one of the major economic activities in Kerala which is largely affected by Climate change. Insurance is seen as an effective tool to adapt to weather adversities. The study evaluated the present status, constraints and prospects of Restructured Weather based crop insurance for Paddy in Palakkad in the most insured blocks of Kollengode , Nenmara and Alathur. A specific analysis was made to present the claims ratio, breakeven ratio and Compound Annual Growth Rate. Despite a positive growth in enrolment (CAGR 0.13) and an increase in gross premium (CAGR 0.36), farmers continue to face significant challenges with the scheme. Delays in claim settlements (34.76), concerns over AWS reliability (47.14), and the distant location of weather stations (38.1) have made participation less appealing. Analyzing claims ratios, breakeven points, and penetration trends reveals a clear need for better coverage and a more reliable system. This paper provides an overview of the paddy cultivators' perception of crop insurance.

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 Keywords

Agriculture Risk ,Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance ,Paddy,Climate Change

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This paper examines the intersection of neurodiversity and artificial intelligence (AI) in English Language Teaching (ELT), arguing that AI can both enable and constrain inclusive pedagogies. While AI promises personalization, efficiency, and scalability, these benefits often rest on standardized frameworks that do not fully accommodate the learning pathways of students with dyslexia, ADHD, autism spectrum conditions, or other neurodiverse profiles. By reconceptualizing AI as a tool for inclusion rather than correction, this study explores adaptive, affective, and ethical dimensions of AI in ELT. It advocates for an approach that embraces difference, foregrounds learner agency, and redefines success in diverse ways. The discussion integrates perspectives from neurodiversity studies, educational technology, and applied linguistics to sketch a vision of inclusive pedagogies responsive to both human and technological complexity.

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 Keywords

Neurodiversity, Artificial Intelligence, English Language Teaching, Inclusive Pedagogy, Adaptive Learning

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In older adults, progressive aging leads to a gradual decrease in physical ability and balance, increasing the risk of fall associated injuries. This increase in fall accidents is due to the impaired balance in older adults. The study investigated the potential of engaging older adults in short term balance exercise to increase physical activity and balance. 44 older adults ranged between 65 to 75 years were randomly chosen and divided into experimental and control groups. Experimental group practiced balance training for 3 days in week for 4 weeks. The balance training measure using of Berg balance scale (BBS) and Time up and go test (TUG-T) and lower limb Strength measure using of 30 seconds sit to stand test (STS). BBS, TUG-T and STS test were compare within group using paired T test and between group used independent t test. The level of statistical significance difference for all analysis was set at p value less than 0.05. this study indicates statistically significance for all outcomes in experimental group compare to control group so the study indicated that 3 alternate days/week for 4 weeks' short duration physical activity program effective on balance performance and strength in older adults.

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Physical activity, Balance, Lower limb strength, older adults

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The significance of nanoparticles (NPs) in technological advancements is due to their adaptable characteristics and enhanced performance over their parent material. They are frequently synthesized by reducing metal ions into uncharged nanoparticles using hazardous reducing agents. However, there have been several initiatives in recent years to create green technology that uses natural resources instead of dangerous chemicals to produce nanoparticles. In green synthesis, biological methods are used for the synthesis of NPs because biological methods are eco-friendly, clean, safe, cost-effective, uncomplicated, and highly productive. Numerous biological organisms, such as bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, yeast, and plants, are used for the green synthesis of NPs. Additionally, this paper will discuss nanoparticles, including their types, traits, synthesis methods, applications, and prospects Nanoparticles are tiny particles with unique properties, classified into organic, inorganic, and carbon-based categories. They have been used for centuries, with ancient civilizations employing them in various applications. The surface characteristics and particle size of nanoparticles can be modified to target medications passively and actively. They offer numerous advantages, including enhanced control over the encapsulated chemicals' release kinetics, improved drug transportation through cell barriers, and reduced toxicity. However, nanoparticles also exhibit strong reactivity due to their small size and large surface area, which can lead to biologically harmful effects. Carbon- based nanoparticles, including fullerenes, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanofibers, have distinct mechanical, chemical, and physical characteristics. Silver, gold, and copper nanoparticles have also been extensively studied for their antibacterial and antiviral properties. The applications of nanoparticles are diverse, ranging from biomedical and pharmaceutical to environmental and industrial uses. Overall, nanoparticles have the potential to revolutionize various fields, but their development and use must be carefully managed to mitigate their potential risk

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Nanoparticles, Serum protein nanoparticles, Gold silver nanoparticles, Magnetic nanoparticles

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Industry 4.0 represents the fourth industrial revolution characterized by the integration of digital technologies, automation, and data-driven decision-making in manufacturing systems. Pre-Engineered Building (PEB) manufacturing plants face challenges such as manual monitoring, quality variation, downtime, and inefficient resource utilization. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of Industry 4.0 concepts and their application in PEB manufacturing. Technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), cyber-physical systems, automation, digital twins, and predictive maintenance are reviewed based on recent literature. The study highlights potential benefits, implementation challenges, and future research directions. The findings indicate that Industry 4.0 adoption can significantly improve productivity, quality, and sustainability in PEB manufacturing industries.

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Industry 4.0, PEB Manufacturing, Smart Factory, IoT, Automation, Digital Twin

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 Abstract

Kamar Anusoochit Janajaati Kee Sanskrti Mein Nirantarata Aur Badalaav Ka Ek Samaajashaastreey Adhyayan (Chhatteesagadh Ke Gariyaaband Jile Ke Vishesh Sandarbh Mein)

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Kamar Anusoochit Janajaati Kee Sanskrti Mein Nirantarata Aur Badalaav Ka Ek Samaajashaastreey Adhyayan (Chhatteesagadh Ke Gariyaaband Jile Ke Vishesh Sandarbh Mein)

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The Nepali language, also known as Gorkhali or Khas Kura in its early stages, is one of the major Indo-Aryan languages of South Asia. Spoken by millions in Nepal and by significant populations in India, Bhutan, and the global diaspora, Nepali has evolved through a long historical process shaped by migration, political change, cultural contact, and literary development. This journal attempts to trace the evolution of the Nepali language from its ancient roots to its modern standardized form. The paper discusses linguistic origins, historical phases, influences from other languages, the growth of literature, and the role of Nepali as a national and transnational language. The study aims to provide a concise yet comprehensive overview suitable for academic reference. In Nepali, "Objectives of Evaluation" translates to ??????????????????????? (MulyankankaUddeshyaharu), and these generally involve measuring learning, providing feedback, guiding instruction, and judging the effectiveness of programs, all aimed at improving educational outcomes and accountability, as highlighted in various Nepali context studies focusing on learner-centered approaches and policy implementation. These objectives work together to create a comprehensive picture, moving beyond just testing to truly understanding and enhancing the educational process in Nepal.

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 Keywords

Nepali language, Khas Kura, Indo-Aryan languages, linguistic evolution, Nepal, history of Nepali

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition