Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Nanotechnology is an expanding scientific domain which deals with the manipulation and application of materials at a level of precision smaller than 100 nanometers (nm). The versatility in characteristics and functions has driven profound developments in various fields such as electronics, medicine, and energy pro-duction. More significantly within dentistry, particularly within periodontics, nanotechnology has become promising. Its integration has revolutionized the landscape of how periodontal diseases are managed, ultimately enhancing treatment effectiveness and patients' satisfaction. This review elucidates this rising trend in current application for periodontics; encompassing its roles in diagnosis, therapeutic interventions as well as regenerative.

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 Keywords

Nanotechnology, periodontics, diagnosis, therapeutic, regenerative

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Indoor environments, such as libraries, are susceptible to fungal contamination, which can endanger human health and compromise the integrity of valuable materials in these environments. This study focused on identifying the presence, variety, and distribution of airborne fungi in the Sangameshwar College library located in Solapur, India, to evaluate potential health threats and recommend preventive strategies for them. Samples were gathered using the settle plate method from three key areas: the surfaces of books, bookshelves, and the librarian's desk. Fungal isolates were grown on Potato Dextrose Agar and identified through both macroscopic and microscopic examination. The investigation identified 16 fungal species across ten genera, with Aspergillus and Penicillium being the most prevalent. Bookshelves showed the greatest fungal load and diversity, likely due to dust buildup and inadequate air circulation. The detection of allergenic and pathogenic species, such as Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria alternata, underscores the potential health risks to library patrons and staff, including allergic reactions and respiratory issues. These results highlight the importance of regular monitoring of fungal contamination and the adoption of preventive measures, such as enhanced ventilation, humidity regulation, and cleaning, to ensure a healthy library environment. Future research should explore seasonal changes in fungal diversity to refine environmental management practices in libraries.

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Key Words - Airborne fungi, fungal contamination, indoor environments, libraries, health risks, allergenic species, pathogenic species, Aspergillus, Penicillium, biodeterioration, cellulose, lignin and Environmental management.

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This paper explores the dynamic evolution of governance in India, tracing its trajectory from traditional administrative frameworks to contemporary models shaped by globalization, democratization, and technological advancement. It highlights transformative policy innovations across sectors such as economic liberalization, digital governance, social welfare, and institutional reforms, while critically evaluating their design, implementation, and measurable outcomes. The study underscores achievements in areas like poverty alleviation, financial inclusion, infrastructure development, and citizen-centric service delivery, alongside persistent challenges including bureaucratic inertia, regional disparities, and issues of accountability. By analyzing key reforms introduced in recent decades--ranging from the Right to Information Act and Aadhaar-based digital identity systems to decentralized governance initiatives--the paper assesses their impact on socio-economic indicators such as literacy, health, employment, and equity. Furthermore, it situates India's governance experience within a comparative global framework, drawing parallels and contrasts with other emerging and established governance models. The discussion not only identifies lessons learned and best practices but also emphasizes the need for adaptive, inclusive, and transparent governance mechanisms to sustain India's developmental momentum in the face of evolving domestic and international challenges.

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governance, transparency, digital, innovation, schemes and programmes

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Irrigational investment has remained a debatable issue despite irrigation's massive impact upon civilization since ancient days. After the Industrial revolution, if we observe the structural change of the world towards industrialization (Kuznets, 1966,1971), mainly because of the terms of trade tilt towards the finished goods, out of given land area, debate emerged whether to use land optimally for industrialization or towards irrigation to promote agricultural development. Obvious debate raised regarding land use and that created the debate: whether to retain self-sufficiency in food - the leftist agenda or to attain specialization in finished good and import food from the peripheral countries at the least cost to attain highest benefit from gain in terms of trade - the rightist agenda in a developed country's parliament (Mydral, 1956; Singer, 1998; Prebisch-Singer). Definitely historical development process has assimilated the two extreme goals. Draught days felt needs for irrigation and loss in competition felt need for specialization in finished goods. So, a Democratic Capitalist Welfare Economy kept both the routs open towards food self sufficiency as well as specialization in manufacturing finished goods. Examples are the historical development process of 13 Developed Countries like USA, UK, Germany and 4 Developing Countries like Argentina, Egypt etc. (Kuznets, 1971). Here we are in a discourse corresponding to the Indian Economy that agricultural growth without structural change/transformation leads us to 'Hindu rate of Growth' whereas structural transformation leads us to high rate of growth about which, agricultural growth is just a bi-product. From this angle we are going to focus upon the importance of irrigation and structural change on agricultural development of India.

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 Keywords

Irrigation, Rural Development, Agricultural Growth, Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Structural decomposition, Cointegration.

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Modern travel platforms often rely on static interfaces and manual filtering, which limits efficient interaction and decision support. This paper presents TravEase, an Agentic AI-based conversational travel management system that allows users to access and manage structured travel data through natural language queries. Built using Google's Gemini 2.0 Flash model, the system follows a tool-driven Agentic AI approach where the agent interprets user intent and dynamically invokes backend functions for data retrieval, analytics, and auditing. TravEase integrates a FastAPI backend, SQLite database, and real-time response streaming to ensure accurate, data-backed outputs. The system demonstrates improved usability, reduced manual effort, and reliable conversational decision support.

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onversational AI, Agentic Systems, Travel Management, ReAct Framework, Decision Support.

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The chronic gastrointestinal condition known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is brought on by the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus, which can create bothersome symptoms and problems. It is one of the most common digestive problems in the world, greatly impairing quality of life and raising the cost of healthcare. Changes in nutrition, lifestyle, obesity, stress, and the widespread use of several drugs are all linked to the increasing prevalence of GERD. Heartburn and acid regurgitation are the most prevalent clinical manifestations of GERD, although extra-esophageal symptoms like laryngitis, asthma, chest pain, and persistent cough are becoming more well acknowledged. Transient relaxations of the lower esophageal sphincter, poor esophageal clearance, delayed stomach emptying, and elevated intra-abdominal pressure are all part of the complex pathophysiology of GERD. In certain situations, endoscopy, esophageal pH monitoring, and manometry are used to support the diagnosis, which is frequently based on clinical symptoms. Surgical procedures, medication therapy, and lifestyle changes are all part of the management of GERD. The cornerstone of treatment is still proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), although worries about their long-term safety have spurred research into alternate treatments and step-down treatment approaches. With a focus on rational pharmacology and patient-centered care, this review attempts to give a current overview of GERD by examining its epidemiology, etiology, clinical aspects, diagnostic methods, and current treatment modalities.

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), proton pump inhibitors, acid reflux, heartburn, pharmacological management

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Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) strengthening systems are highly vulnerable to elevated temperatures and fire exposure, which can lead to rapid degradation of their mechanical and bonding performance. Consequently, effective fire-protective solutions are essential to ensure the safety of FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete structures. This review critically examines geopolymer-based and rubberized cementitious materials as protective systems for FRP applications under elevated temperatures. The paper synthesizes recent studies addressing thermal behaviour, damage mechanisms, residual mechanical performance, and mitigation strategies. Geopolymer materials demonstrate superior fire resistance, reduced spalling tendency, and higher post-fire strength retention compared to conventional OPC-based systems, attributed to their stable aluminosilicate network. Rubberized mortars and concrete, in contrast, provide enhanced thermal insulation, deformation capacity, and resistance to explosive spalling due to controlled rubber degradation; however, with reduced mechanical strength at high temperatures. Hybrid systems incorporating fibers or surface-modified rubber show promising potential by balancing thermal protection and mechanical integrity. The review highlights the complementary roles of geopolymer and rubberized cementitious materials as effective fire-protective layers for FRP-strengthened concrete members

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Geopolymer, Crumb Rubber, Fire Protection, Elevated Temperature, FRP Strengthening

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Modern lifestyles, driven by technology and consumption, have distanced us from the rhythms of the natural world. This disconnection leads to unsustainable habits that degrade ecosystems and weaken our physical and emotional well-being. Studies show that time spent in nature reduces stress, improves cognition, and forest empathy - qualities crucial for human growth and societal progress.

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Human Evolution, prerequisite

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In the present study around ten soil samples were collected various agricultural fields of Karur district, Tamil Nadu. The soil samples were collected as per standard procedure. Isolation of fungal species were done by serial dilution and plating on PDA agar followed by microscopic identification by LPCB mount. Totally 30 fungal flora belongs to eight family isolated and profiled. Percentage occurrence includes Aspergillus sp. (23%), Penicillium sp. (17%), Mucor sp. (14%), Rhizopus sp. (14%), Fusarium sp. (7%), Curvularia sp. (17%) and others species (each 3%). The overall finding on soil fungal flora of this research could help the researchers and farmers for a choosing crop growth promoting fungi such as mineral solubilizing fungi in and around the study sites.

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 Keywords

Crop cultivated soil, PDA, LPCB mount, Soil fungi

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Upper extremity function plays a vital role in performing daily activities such as reaching, lifting, writing, and handling objects. These tasks require not only strength but also adequate upper extremity endurance, which allows muscles to sustain activity over time. Muscular endurance is also a core component of physical fitness among university students and contributes significantly to cardiovascular performance, body composition, and overall physical health. Evidence shows that students engaged in endurance-based activities demonstrate better physical fitness and wellness, highlighting the importance of structured endurance training in academic settings

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TO EVALUATE UPPER EXTREMITY ENDURANCE IN PHYSIOTHERAPY STUDENTS USING UNSUPPORTED UPPER LIMB EXERCISE TEST A CROSS - SECTIONAL STUDY

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