Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

The recent developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) offer the potential for significant opportunities for industry, governments and society. Within the education sector, AI can be deployed to improve teacher effectiveness and student engagement by offering capabilities such as intelligent game-based learning environments, tutoring systems and intelligent narrative technologies. Artificial intelligence can be described as system's ability to learn and interpret external data via software/algorithms or machines/devices for problem solving by performing specific roles and tasks currently executed by humans. The term AI has been used interchangeably with other closely related terms such as expert systems, decision-support system, knowledge-based systems and text mining.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI), Data, Ethics, Challenges, Education.

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The Plants are subjected to a variety of environmental stresses, which reduces and limits agricultural crop productivity. Environmental stresses that affect plants are of two types: biotic and abiotic stresses. Abiotic stress includes temperature, ultraviolet radiation, salinity, floods, drought, heavy metals, etc., which results in the loss of important crop plants globally, while biotic stress refers to damage caused by insects, herbivores, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, or weeds. Plants respond to all these environmental factors because the pants are fixed in a particular place. To cope with these stresses, a number of strategies have been developed by plants. They detect that the environmental stresses become activated and then generate the necessary cellular responses. Several investigations have been carried out to determine and understand plant assimilates partitioning and stress-tolerance plant genotype necessary for the understanding of the complexity of the response of a plant to biotic and abiotic stresses.

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REVIEW ON BIOTIC STRESS ON PLANT

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Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR&R) forms the backbone of intelligent systems, enabling machines to encode, manipulate, and infer knowledge about the world. This paper presents a comprehensive review and technical analysis of the core concepts, methodologies, and mathematical foundations of KR&R, with a focus on their application in modern intelligent systems. We systematically examine classical logic-based approaches, ontologies, semantic models, rule-based systems, and frameworks for reasoning under uncertainty, including probabilistic and fuzzy logic. The paper details formal mathematical notations for logic and reasoning, and provides comparative analyses of major KR techniques. Recent advancements such as knowledge graphs, ontological reasoning, and explainable AI are discussed, highlighting their transformative impact on AI applications. Real-world use cases in expert systems, natural language processing, robotics, and the semantic web are explored. The paper also addresses current challenges, research gaps, and ethical considerations, and outlines future trends in integrating KR&R with machine learning and large language models. This work aims to serve as a foundational reference for researchers and practitioners seeking to design robust, interpretable, and scalable intelligent systems.

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Knowledge representation, reasoning, ontologies, logic, semantic models, uncertainty, knowledge graphs, explainable AI, intelligent systems

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Title: A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding management and prevention of diabetic emergencies among patients with diabetes mellitus at DSMCH, Perambalur. Objectives: To determine the existing level of knowledge regarding management and prevention of diabetic emergencies among patients with diabetes mellitus. To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding management and prevention of diabetic emergencies among patients with diabetes mellitus. To find out the association between pre test level of knowledge regarding management and prevention of diabetic emergencies among patients with diabetes mellitus with their selected demographical variables. Hypothesis: H1: There is a significant difference between pre and post test level of knowledge regarding structured teaching program on management and prevention of diabetic emergencies among patients with diabetes mellitus. H2: There is a significant association between pre-test level of knowledge regarding management and prevention of diabetic emergencies among patients with diabetic mellitus with their selected demographical variables. Conceptual framework: The health promotion model developed by N.J.Pender, C.L. Murdaugh and M.A.Parsons (2002) Research Approach: Quantitative research. Research Design: Pre experimental one group pre test and post test design. Sample: The samples are patients with diabetic mellitus at Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan medical college and hospital, Perambalur Sample Size: Sample size was 60 patients. Sampling Technique: Non-Probability-Purposive sampling technique. Findings: The mean score of participants, in pre test was 20 with a standard deviation of 6.332, corresponding to a mean percentage of 20.00%. After the intervention, in post test mean score increased to 26.983 with a standard deviation of 6.987, reflecting a mean percentage of 27.00%. This represents a substantial increase of 6.983 points in the mean score, indicating a significant enhancement in the participants' understanding. The improvement suggests that the intervention was effective in increasing the participants' knowledge about managing and preventing diabetic emergencies. Overall, the data demonstrates a positive shift in knowledge, highlighting the success of the educational efforts in achieving better preparedness among patients. Conclusion: the study assessing the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on knowledge regarding management and prevention of diabetic emergencies among patients with diabetes mellitus demonstrates that significant improvements in knowledge levels. Implementing similar structured teaching programs can be beneficial in promoting better self-management practices and improving overall health outcomes in this population.

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Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic emergencies

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This article contributes to the broader discourse on regionalism and its political implications by examining the implementation of Article 371J of the Indian Constitution in Karnataka. Introduced in 2012, Article 371J was intended to provide special provisions to the Kalyana Karnataka region to address historical disparities and promote regional development. The analysis evaluates both the effectiveness of Article 371J in achieving its intended goals and the political manoeuvring and controversies that have emerged in its application. It further explores the political debates surrounding its implementation, particularly issues related to inconsistencies in reservation policies and eligibility criteria. The paper also reflects on the influence of federalism on the region and how it shapes the broader regional dynamics.

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Article 371J, Kalyana-Karnataka, Regional Development, Special Provisions

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Abstract: The Navagraha vatika, or Nine-Planet Garden, is a sacred botanical arrangement rooted in Vedic astrology, wherein nine specific plants are each associated with one of the nine celestial bodies that are believed to influence human destiny. The Navagraha vatika is characterized by symmetrical and geometric forms, reflecting the formalism inherent in its astrological foundations. This ancient concept, deeply embedded in Hindu religious practices, combines cosmology, spirituality, and herbal science. Each plant in the Navagraha vatika not only symbolizes a planetary deity but is also revered for its distinct medicinal properties in Ayurveda and traditional Indian medicine. This paper explores the mythological and astrological significance of each Navagraha plant, along with a detailed review of their ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical constituents, and therapeutic applications. By bridging traditional beliefs with contemporary phyto-therapeutic insights, this study highlights the holistic wisdom embedded in the Navagraha vatika tradition and advocates for its relevance in modern ethnobotany and integrative health systems. Planting and revering plants as indicated by one's astrological chart is a significant strategy to ensure and conserve biodiversity, eventually benefiting individuals. The human relationship with flora might be useful in conserving plant species for their treasured characteristics.

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Navagraha vatika, Indian custom and traditions, Modern Pharmacology.

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This article examines the revival of protest literature in the twenty-first century as a vital cultural practice shaped by global crises of race, gender, ecology, and authoritarian power. Drawing on theories of discourse, hegemony, postcolonialism, and performativity, it argues that contemporary protest literature reconfigures resistance through intersectional, transnational, and affective uses of language. By analysing its diverse forms, recurring themes, and global circulation, the study demonstrates how literature functions not merely as a reflection of political struggle but as an active mode of intervention. Protest literature emerges as a dynamic counter-discourse that challenges dominant power structures and sustains collective imagination.

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Protest literature, language & power, hegemony & resistance, transnational literature, political writing

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A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE REGARDING POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN DISEASE AMONG ADOLSCENT GIRLS IN THE SELECTED JUNIOR COLLEGE IN THE AMRAVATI"

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Museums are established for the preservation of our past. It serve society by recording, preserving, communicating, narrating historical events, culture, traditions, both performing and visual arts thereby showcasing the rich heritage of the people. Museum play an important role in education as well as in research by helping in the collection of information and study materials for scholars and students. There are various type of museum, i.e. Art museum where includes paintings, sculptures, photography are included, History museum includes display and preservation of local, national and world documents, records, Natural History museum includes animals, plants and fossils, Science & Technologies includes new inventions, technologies and advancement of science on life, Archaeological museum which display artefacts' from past human culture, Ethnographic museum which shows arts traditions of specific communities and Military War museum which display the war weapons, uniforms and military history. The present study focuses on the importance of museums in preserving art and culture in Manipur and highlights the responsibility of the youth of the state in protecting this heritage.

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Museum, preservation, communication, sculptures, photography, inventions and ethnographic

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Ayurveda emphasizes health maintenance and disease prevention through alignment with natural temporal rhythms, particularly the circadian rhythm. It describes physiological and behavioural cycles as the dynamic interplay of Vata, Pitta, and Kapha Doshas, each predominating during specific phases of the 24-hour cycle. This ancient chronobiological concept parallels modern circadian science, which recognizes endogenous biological clocks regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Circadian rhythms govern sleep-wake cycles, metabolism, digestion, immunity, and hormonal regulation and are synchronized by environmental cues such as light, diet, and activity. Disruption of circadian alignment is associated with metabolic, immune, and neuropsychological disorders. Ayurvedic regimens such as Dinacharya and Ritucharya offer a time-based preventive framework that supports biological homeostasis and addresses contemporary circadian-related health challenges.

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Circadian rhythm, Dinacharya, Rithucharya, Ahara, Nidra, Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

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