Volume 13 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Technological intervention in the business world has completely revamped the way businesses are done. Today we live in a digital economy and do transactions through digital markets. Digitalization of business world has benefitted both, the firms as well as the consumers. Doing business through digital platforms while is convenient and much cheaper for the businesses, it also opens a plethora of choices for purchasing goods and services for consumers. The dual benefit feature of digital markets functioning through digital platforms have made digital economy florish like never before. While all is good with the digitalization of doing business, there are however concerns as to the protection of interest of consumers as well as the competing firms. While dealing with these concerns is not new to any competition authority, dealing with such concerns in digital markets is certainly a challenge. The challenge lies in the untravesed contours of the digital world. The digital world though appealing, is not not insulate to the vices of unfair business practises. Digital Markets, a result of digitalization of business, are a new concept and have unique charateristics unknown in the scenario of traditional markets. Technology upgrading every minute makes it difficult to study the these markets and their possible outcomes on consumers, businesses and the economy as a whole. This opaqueness offers a breeding ground for unfair practises to flourish making the consumers vulnerable and existing competition between firms ,unfair and unjust. The traditional markets stand replaced by digital markets which work in complex webs of network effects and data mining. These markets functioning through digital platforms involve multiple players at the same time making analyses of the effect of any unfair business practice extremely difficult for competition authorities. The criteria for determining dominance and its adverse effect on the market have changed making the traditional tools ineffective to curtail any unfair business practice. The integration of technology into our daily lives and the all-pervasive nature of it has made the impact of anti-competitive conduct in Digital Markets a topic of discussion among governments and policymakers. Much research is being conducted by policymakers and various organizations in studying the negative impact of these technological innovations on markets and their way of doing business, as well as consumers and other competing firms. A basic understanding of the functioning of these markets has made it clear that the existing competition regime with its enforcement tools is ineffective in identifying and controlling the anti-competitive business practices in the digital markets. it is suggested by policymakers and lawmakers to either revamp the existing competition enforcement regime or frame a new competition regime that is adaptable to the challenges of technological innovations and use.

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 Keywords

Digital Economy, Competition and Digital Economy, Understanding Digital Markets, Role of Competition Policy in Digital Markets, Challenges faced by competition policy in Digital Markets

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 Abstract

भारत एक उभरती हुई अर्थव्यवस्था है, जिसकी ऊर्जा आवश्यकताएँ लगातार बढ़ रही हैं। ऊर्जा संसाधन किसी भी देश की आर्थिक और सामाजिक प्रगति का मूल आधार होते हैं। भारत, प्राकृतिक संसाधनों की प्रचुरता के बावजूद, ऊर्जा के क्षेत्र में आत्मनिर्भर बनने के लिए विभिन्न परियोजनाओं पर निर्भर है। इन प्रमुख ऊर्जा परियोजनाओं का उद्देश्य देश की बढ़ती ऊर्जा मांग को पूरा करना, सतत विकास को प्रोत्साहन देना, और पर्यावरणीय संतुलन बनाए रखना है। इनमें जलविद्युत, थर्मल पावर, सौर ऊर्जा, पवन ऊर्जा, जैव ऊर्जा और परमाणु ऊर्जा परियोजनाएँ शामिल हैं। भारत सरकार और विभिन्न राज्य सरकारें इन परियोजनाओं को सफल बनाने के लिए निरंतर प्रयासरत हैं।

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परियोजनाएँ ,पैनल, न्यूक्लियर, वाणिज्यिक, मीटरिंग

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This article examines lesions characterized by multilocular radiolucencies, essential for differential diagnosis. Key lesions include odontogenic keratocyst, ameloblastoma, central giant cell granuloma, cherubism, odontogenic myxoma, aneurysmal bone cyst, central hemangioma, and other vascular lesions. Due to varying clinical characteristics, management strategies differ. Notably, clinicians must consider vascular lesions when evaluating multilocular radiolucencies.

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Multilocular radiolucencies, Odontogenic tumors, bone lesions, Radiographic diagnosis, Ameloblastoma, Odontogenic Keratocyst

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Elizabeth Wright states, "A well-taken case is half cured." Highlighting how crucial case-taking is. To the physician understanding the patient as a whole--i.e., emotionally, mentally, and physically--is what case-taking means, not just gathering data about them which requires the doctor-patient relationship, and it begins with the patient's first conversation with the doctor. Therefore, it is crucial to keep up this relationship throughout the case as it will have a significant positive effect on the patient's emotional health. This case highlights the importance of this relationship which ultimately led to the well-being of the patient.

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Case Taking, Doctor- Patient Relationship, Rapport

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भारतीय संविधान, विश्व का सबसे विस्तृत और लोकतांत्रिक संविधान, भारत के सामाजिक, राजनीतिक, और आर्थिक परिदृश्य को आकार देने का आधार स्तंभ है। 26 जनवरी 1950 को लागू किया गया यह संविधान न केवल एक दस्तावेज़ है, बल्कि एक जीवन दर्शन है जो भारत की विविधता, समृद्ध संस्कृति, और लोकतांत्रिक मूल्यों को संरक्षित करता है। संविधान के निर्माण में डॉ. भीमराव अंबेडकर सहित संविधान सभा के कई विद्वानों और नेताओं का योगदान अविस्मरणीय है। यह न केवल नागरिकों को मौलिक अधिकार प्रदान करता है, बल्कि उनके कर्तव्यों को भी रेखांकित करता है। भारतीय संविधान की सफलता उसकी लचीली संरचना, धर्मनिरपेक्ष दृष्टिकोण, और समयानुकूल संशोधन की क्षमता में निहित है।

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लोकतांत्रिक, संघीय, धर्मनिरपेक्षता, अल्पसंख्यक, समसामयिक।

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White lesions in the oral cavity encompass a range of conditions from benign to potentially malignant. Common causes include leukoplakia, lichen planus, oral candidiasis, frictional keratosis, oral submucous fibrosis, and hairy leukoplakia. These lesions may result from trauma, infections, autoimmune disorders, or neoplastic changes. Accurate diagnosis through clinical examination, patient history, and biopsy is essential, particularly for lesions with malignant potential. This review focuses on the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and management strategies for white oral lesions, emphasizing the importance of early detection and appropriate intervention to prevent progression and improve patient outcomes.

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White lesions , Oral mucosa , Precancerous conditions

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Stachtophagia is a condition characterized by incessant desire and consumption of Ash by an individual. It is classified as a subtype of pica and has same diagnostic criteria as of pica (in which non food substance is ash). Despite its clinical significance, this rare condition is frequently underreported and often goes undiagnosed. This case series highlights three paediatric cases of stachtophagia successfully managed with individualized homoeopathic treatment. The efficacy of the interventions was objectively assessed using the Pica, ARFID, and Rumination Disorder Interview (PARDI) score, comparing pre- and post-treatment outcomes.

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Stachtophagia, Pica, Homoeopathy, PARDI

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Verapamil is used to treat high blood pressure, and there is interest in creating a new HPLC method to measure the drug concentration and distribution in rat bodies. Using a gradient elution technique with a buffer containing 1 mL of FA in 1 L of HPLC-grade water and a mixture of two components, such as buffer and ACN, in a 60:40 ratio as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min over a good linear concentration range, chromatographic separation was accomplished on a Symmetry C18 column. The outcomes of the recovery study, precision, matrix effect, and extraction recoveries are all within an acceptable range. This technique was used to distribute verapamil throughout the rat's head, body, and tail. In accordance with UFDA rules, we discovered that the medications remained stable throughout the stability tests. Verapamil bioavailability experiments have been conducted effectively for the first time using the proven technique

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Verapamil, Bioanalytical method, validation, ICH guidelines, Bioavailability study

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The memories of major historical events that took place from 1885 to 1947 in the Indian sub-continent are deeply etched in the conscience of most Indians. These events included the decisive Third-Anglo-Burmese War of 1885 leading to the annexation of Mandalay and exile of King Thebaw and Queen Supayalat to India. It further marked the emergence of INA which fought against the British in 1944-45 and kindled the morale of many Indian soldiers serving the British army. However, hardly ever does one get to know and understand the unaccounted stories of the ordinary people who survived and witnessed those times or the engagement and reaction of the masses at such historically important junctures. In The Glass Palace, Amitav Ghosh reconstructs the lives of all those ordinary humans who endured such conditions by narrating their journeys in the backdrop of the period from 1885 to the late 19th century. Ghosh pulls them out of oblivion by firmly establishing the presence of characters like the migrant orphan boy, Raj Kumar of Chittagong who builds wealth and influence in Burma while reaping benefits from the historically crucial point of rapid deforestation and urbanisation of British-ruled Burma, while also becoming a catalyst for increasing Indian immigrant population by transporting Tamil labourers from India for years. It acknowledges the dilemma third-generation Indian soldiers like Arjun of Kolkata serving the British army, could have faced in fathoming his right position in the colonial period and his decision to defend India by quitting the British army and joining INA. The research paper aims to analyse the reconfiguration of this perishable past through the stories of mundane characters in the novel, which not just demystify the past's elusiveness but also help reckon with the hitherto unheard and unknown voices of the times.

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 Keywords

Reconstruction, Amitav Ghosh, past, Ordinary

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

गुप्तकाल भारतीय कला और संस्कृति के इतिहास में "स्वर्ण युग" के रूप में जाना जाता है। इस काल में धार्मिक, सांस्कृतिक, और कलात्मक विकास अपने चरम पर था। हिंदू धर्म के विभिन्न देवी-देवताओं की पूजा का व्यापक प्रसार हुआ, जिसमें सूर्य प्रतिमा का विशेष महत्व था। गुप्त काल में सूर्य-प्रतिमा का रूपांकन और उनके स्वरूप में महत्वपूर्ण विकास हुआ, जो न केवल धार्मिक आस्थाओं को अभिव्यक्त करता है, बल्कि तत्कालीन समाज के सांस्कृतिक और कलात्मक आयामों को भी प्रकट करता है।गुप्तकालीन कला में सूर्य देव को एक महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान प्राप्त था, क्योंकि सूर्य को प्राचीन काल से ही ऊर्जा, जीवन और प्रकाश का प्रतीक माना गया है। भारतीय मूर्तिकला में सूर्य की प्रतिमाओं के विकास की शुरुआत पहले ही हो चुकी थी, परन्तु गुप्तकाल में इसे नवीन शैली और सौंदर्य के साथ उकेरा गया। इस काल में सूर्य प्रतिमा को उनके आराध्य और वैदिक स्वरूप से आगे बढ़ाकर एक सुसंगठित और सजीव आकार दिया गया। सूर्य देव की प्रतिमाओं में उनकी भव्यता और शक्ति को उकेरने का प्रयास किया गया, जो गुप्तकालीन कलाकारों की शिल्पकला की दक्षता का प्रमाण है।गुप्तकालीन सूर्य प्रतिमाओं में विशिष्टता यह थी कि इन्हें विशुद्ध भारतीय शैली में ढाला गया था। सूर्य देव को आमतौर पर दोनों हाथों में कमल धारण करते हुए और अलंकृत परिधान पहने हुए दिखाया गया है। उनके मुखमंडल को प्रभामंडल से घेरा गया, जिससे दिव्य ऊर्जा का प्रतीक माना गया।1 सूर्य प्रतिमाओं में इस काल में मांडूकासन मुद्रा का भी विशेष महत्व था, जिसमें सूर्य को एक ऊँचे मंच पर खड़ा दिखाया गया है। इससे सूर्य की महत्ता और भव्यता को प्रकट करने का प्रयास किया गया।इस काल में सूर्य की प्रतिमाओं को एक पूर्ण विकसित रूप दिया गया, जिसमें उनके चारों ओर विभिन्न प्रतीक जैसे ऊंचे मुकुट, किरणमंडल, और पद्म (कमल) को जोड़ा गया। ये विशेषताएं गुप्तकालीन कला की उत्कृष्टता और नवाचार को प्रकट करती हैं। सूर्य के चारों ओर की गई इस प्रकार की सजावट उनकी अलौकिक शक्ति और गौरव को दर्शाती हैं।गुप्तकाल की सूर्य प्रतिमाओं में गंधार, मथुरा और स्थानीय शैलियों का मिश्रण देखा जा सकता है, जो कलाकारों की विविधता और उनके कला कौशल का परिचायक है। इन प्रतिमाओं के स्वरूप से तत्कालीन समाज में सूर्य उपासना का महत्व भी झलकता है। यह विकास उस युग की धार्मिक और सांस्कृतिक प्रगति का भी प्रतीक है।अतः गुप्तकाल में सूर्य प्रतिमा का विकासात्मक अध्ययन भारतीय कला के इतिहास में एक महत्वपूर्ण पड़ाव है। गुप्तकालीन कलाकारों ने धार्मिक भावना और कलात्मक सृजनशीलता को मिलाकर सूर्य देव की प्रतिमाओं में एक अद्वितीय सौंदर्य प्रस्तुत किया। ये प्रतिमाएँ न केवल तत्कालीन धार्मिक विश्वासों को अभिव्यक्त करती हैं, बल्कि भारतीय मूर्तिकला के इतिहास में भी एक महत्वपूर्ण स्थान रखती हैं।

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 Keywords

सूर्य प्रतिमा, मथुरा कला, गुप्तकालीन मूर्तिकला, भारतीय तत्व, धार्मिक प्रतीक, सारथी अरुण, उषा प्रत्युषा

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition