Volume 6 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Abstract: From 2003 to 2018, India underwent rapid economic growth, fueled by a series of neoliberal reforms. During this time, there were debates about the extent and distribution of these reforms, but they coincided with a decrease in absolute poverty according to official poverty metrics. This research study offers a critical analysis of the factors, structure, and execution of two significant poverty alleviation initiatives in India: the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA), which established a national public rural employment guarantee program, and the Public Distribution System (PDS), which provides subsidized food grains to the public. The paper follows this structure: First, we delve into the historical background of the two policies, then provide a concise overview of the political and economic circumstances that led to the inception of these initiatives in India, highlighting the immediate factors driving their formulation and execution. Utilizing secondary data, we proceed to assess the performance of both programs over time and across various regions within the country. We offer insights into the observed trends drawing from existing literature and interviews conducted with key stakeholders from the bureaucracy, political sphere, and civil society. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the necessity of a more locally sensitive approach to policy design and greater mobilization of intended beneficiaries for rights-based welfare programs to effectively address the social and economic insecurities of the poor. Finally, we synthesize our findings to identify crucial factors influencing poverty reduction policies, their outcomes, and the broader implications for similar interventions in other contexts.

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 Keywords

MNERGA, PDS, employment, poverty alleviation

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Loneliness and Death anxiety are very common among the elderly. It is an obvious truth that very few elders manage to cope with experience of death without bearing a Significant Psychological burden. Present study is an attempt to identify and compare the levels of loneliness and fear of death among destitute and abandoned elderly living in old age homes to those living with their families. Study sample comprised of 60 participants of which 30 are elderly at old age homes and 30 lived within community. Both the groups had equal number of male and female. Finding indicates that death anxiety is present regardless of the type of stay of elderly. However the elderly at old age home exhibited higher levels of death anxiety and loneliness.

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Loneliness, anxiety, fear, etc,.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Breast milk is the best mode of providing nutrition to infants. Worldwide demand of formula is increasing when breastfeeding is not feasible or desirable. Infants fed formula have different growth patterns than those fed breast milk. Formula-fed babies gain more weight in the first year of life relative to their length, which raises their BMI. During their first year of life, infants fed formula grow more lean mass than breastfed infants due to the higher protein:energy ratio of formula. Lack of exposure to bioactive components in breastfeeding that could prevent adipogenesis, or changes in the location of fat deposition or lean mass gain during infancy may be the cause of obesity in later life. Formula feeding has been associated with a less stable microbiome over time, a notably altered bacterial content, and greater diversity and richness of bacteria in comparison to breastfeeding. Breastfed infants had higher levels of Bifidobacteria--an key component of a healthy microbiota than formula-fed infants. The serum concentrations of total IgG, IgG1, NK cell activity, and IFN-? showed a notable difference between breastfed and formula-fed infants, with the latter group showing significantly greater levels of these indicators. There is no clear correlation between formula feeding, the creation of gut microbiota, and its long-term health effects, more thorough and in-depth research in these areas is crucial.

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 Keywords

Formula, bioactive components, adipogenesis, microbiota

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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For hot climate of India, air conditioners have become the need of the modern-day life in contrast to the earlier perception is a luxury product. Buyers search a lot of information on the available brands in the market during their purchase. During selection of any brand and purchase a lot of factors are influenced by the consumer in this activity. The main objective of this study was to identify most important factors consumers were looking for while purchasing A.C. With the help of literature review, eight factors were identified. The research was conducted in Surat City with Sample size of 150 respondents. Non Probability convenience sampling was used and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data.

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Air-Condition, hot & humid

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'?'isha bint Abi Bakr is regarded as one of the most fascinating characters from Islamic history. She was not only one of Messenger Muhammad's ? wives, but she also contributed to Islamic knowledge and her role in the establishment of the very first Islamic state are immeasurable. The historical contribution of '?'isha (R.A.) in disseminating the knowledge and practices of the Messenger ? to the Muslim world is significant. She is possibly one of the greatest significant conduits or connections connecting the Muslims and the Messenger of Allah ?. Her significance to Islamic history cannot be overstated, especially in light of how Islam handled the problem of women in society. Through '?'isha (R.A.), the Prophet ? demonstrated to women how Islam uplifted them and made them equal partners to the message of Allah. '?'isha (R.A.) was considered as the deputy or representative of women before the Messenger of Allah ? during her time with him. Stated differently, she played a direct role in the Prophet ?'s actualization of the Qur'anic message. Owing to her exceptional brilliance and boldness, '?'isha (R.A.) is considered the ideal Islamic woman scholar. Her critical, inquisitive, and curious intellect was her greatest quality. '?'isha (R.A.) established a link between the life of the modern Muslim and the period of the Prophet ? by the inquiries she had been able to pose. It is necessary to carefully evaluate and underline the significant role she had in the scholastic endeavors of Muslim men and women in studying and imparting knowledge. Her excellent knowledge of Islamic subjects include, but is not restricted to, the Had?th, Exegesis, Law, literature, as well as poetry. The purpose of the article is to elucidate '?'isha's (R.A.) crucial role in the establishment of Islamic doctrines and to demonstrate how exceptional her life was. The article asserts that by highlighting the fact that '?'isha (R.A.) was a companion and active participant in the intellectual endeavors and purpose of the Prophet ?, she represents the kind of perfection that modern Muslim scholars might strive for and achieve.

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 Keywords

?'isha's (R.A), Prophet's ?, Fiqh, Woman, Knowledge ('ilm)

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Social mobility, movement of people up and down in social ladder is a universal phenomenon. All over the world, people move vertically or horizontally in the social hierarchy. It is through social mobility it is possible to study equality of opportunity in the light of gender, race, ethnicity, birthplace, sexual orientation, class, fertility. Based on the chances to engage in upward mobility process, one can classify society into open & closed or flexible & rigid. In the ancient Indian society under Varna system there was movement of people in the social hierarchy. Only a few individuals with help of their talent and rare traits used improve their social position. However, collective mobility or group mobility was more of less absent. Individual mobility and collective can be achieved only when group boundaries are permeable. However, with the evolution of caste system in the place varna system this social flexibility is lost and many restrictions were imposed on upward mobility of low caste Hindus. However, during the British Rule in India, there were radical changes in the opportunity structure. The introduction of secular education in the place of theological education, formal education in the place of informal education, urbanization, urban ward migration, introduction of railway lines and mass transit facilities helped the some downtrodden communities to improve their social status. Political emancipation in 1947 started a new era in the life of marginal communities. For the first time in the history, state through its constitution helped the mobility of marginal communities and new channels of upward mobility were provided to marginal communities. This paper examines the caste mobility in the light of historical factors.

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Upward social mobility, opportunity structure, group permeability, Social ladder

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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??????????? ???? ??????? ????????????????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????????? ????

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Crowdfunding is becoming increasingly popular as an alternative and creative source of funding. A successful crowdfunding campaign is defined as those that motivate the investor to invest in the proposed project. To motivate investors to invest in a crowdfunding campaign, it is essential to understand the motivational factors that motivate them to invest. This study seeks to identify the factors that affect the success of a crowdfunding campaign. Selected research papers and articles from reputable journals and conferences are selected for the purpose of study and review.

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Crowdfunding, Crowdfunding Campaign, Motivational factors, Funding goal, Finance.

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The present study aims to examine the attitude of prospective student teachers towards ICT. The investigator has adopted the survey method of research. The sample consists of 50 prospective student teachers from different Educational colleges of Kapurthala district selected by random sampling technique. The investigator developed a self-made questionnaire of 25 items to measure the attitude of the prospective student teachers towards ICT. The investigator established content validity and reliability by split-half method, and the value is 0.76. To find out the meaning, interpretation of the raw scores, the data were analysed using mean, standard deviation't' test. The findings show that prospective student teachers of mathematics and social-studies streams show high and positive attitude towards use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT).

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Attitude, ICT, Prospective Student Teachers

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The study attempts to examine the role of parental expectation on students academic anxiety. Parents excessive concern about how the world would perceive their children on one hand and to live up to the expectations on the other create perpetual tension and anxiety among children. 1200 questionnaires were given out to the students who make up the study's sample in 57 (15%) of the schools. Regression, ANOVA and other descriptive statistics were used for analysis of results. Results revealed how much parents anticipate their children to succeed academically are strongly correlated with their own educational achievements

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parental expectation, students, academic anxiety

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition