Volume 12 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

ABSTRACT Background: A Common sleep disorder such as insomnia is characterized by persistent problems falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing nonrestorative sleep that impairs functioning during the day. Regardless of the proper conditions for sleeping every night, the sleep disruptions associated with insomnia typically manifest as difficulties falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, or waking up too early. A person's quality of life can be negatively impacted by insomnia, which can lead to frequent daytime naps, difficulty focusing, an increased risk of mistakes and accidents, and lower productivity at work. A multidisciplinary strategy is recommended for the treatment of insomnia, with an emphasis on pharmacological therapy, behavioral treatments, better sleep hygiene, psychological stress management, and hypnotic treatment. In order to limit the required dosage and any associated side effects, the most successful treatments combine medication with cognitive behavioral therapy. The most often utilized hypnotics as supplementary therapy are non-benzodiazepine ones like zaleplon, eszopiclone, and zolpidem. Zolpidem is one of these hypnotics that is most often utilized. But zolpidem has a lot of adverse effects, and the literature has a few distinctive features to keep in mind. Objective: To carry out a comprehensive analysis of adverse events associated with zolpidem. Method: A variety of websites, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Seizure Journal, Elsevier, Medscape, WHO Pharma Newsletter, Research Gate, Springer Link, and Online Library Wiley, were reviewed in the preparation of this review study. Observation: Owing to its superior safety profile over benzodiazepines, zolpidem is one of the most often given medications for insomnia. But zolpidem usage is associated with a number of neuropsychiatric side effects that should be taken very seriously, including hallucinations, sensory distortions, delirium, parasomnias or complex sleep behaviors (CSBs), amnesia, somnambulism, sleep-related eating disorders, suicidality, etc. When prescribing a medication, medical practitioners should be cautious and mindful of its potential harmful effects. Study Eligibility Criteria: Scholarly articles of any kind (case reports, case series, observational or interventional studies) that detail zolpidem's neuropsychiatric side effects.

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Key Words: Zolpidem, Complex sleep behavior, Parasomnias, Somnambulism, Sleep related eating disorder, and Suicidality

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The current study identified the variety of fish found in Yavatmal District's Borgaon Reservoir, which is close to Madani Town. This dam was built in 1993 on the nearby Nallah River as part of the Maharashtra government's irrigation projects. In this investigation, samples were gathered using fishing nets with the assistance of local fishermen, and they were recognized using identification keys. Eleven fish species from the area were identified, categorized into six orders and seven families. Puntitus dorsalis, Chela cachius, Labio bata, Puntitus sophore, and Labeo cylindricus are the five species that make up the family Cyprinidae, and the order Cypriniformes was the most dominating order. Order Anguilliformes, Anabantiformes, Osteoglossiformes, and Perciformes each contribute 01 species under the families Anguilidae, Channidae, Notopteridae, and Ambassidae. Order Siluriformes contributes 02 species under the families Siluridae and Bagridae. In the hopes that the diversity number will rise as well, more research on the relationship between eating habits. and pathogenicity will continue.

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Fish diversity, Borgaon reservoir, Yavatmal district, Maharashtra

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Background: Smartphone addiction (SA) refers to spending long hours using a smartphone, thus neglecting many other activities that an individual must complete. Adverse effects of SA include wasting time, neglecting other activities and people, and lethargy. SA in general refers to individuals' overuse of a smartphone and their inability to control its usage and preoccupation with it. Usage becomes compulsory, which results in adverse effects on various aspects of one's life: health, physical, psychological, social, and familial. 1 Long-term use of smartphones can cause physical, mental and behavioral problems such as eye problems, unhealthy eating habits, decrease in academic performance, decrease in attention and concentration, communication and adaptation problems, development of addictive behavior, low self-esteem and suicidal tendencies 2 Problematic smartphone uses and or addiction is defined as a form of behaviour characterized by the compulsive use of a smartphone that results in various forms of physical, psychological, or social harm. 3 Objective: 1. to know the efficacy of homoeopathic medicines in the cases of addiction of smartphone by using SAS-SV pre and post assessment test. 2. To identify the commonest indicated homoeopathic medicine in cases of addiction of smartphone. Method: The case series study includes 45 diagnosed cases of smartphone addiction using SAS-SV Scale; medicine was prescribed on the basis of totality of symptoms. Result: In our study, by using SAS-SV scale we assessed the pre and post scores of the patient by which we calculated the t- value using paired t-test and as our calculated value of t (10.8) was greater than the critical t value (2.02) at 5% level of significance. Hence, our study hypothesis was accepted. Conclusion: According to our study, indicated Homoeopathic medicines showed significant improvement in symptoms related to Smartphone addiction in 95.5% of population; but none of them were completely de-addicted according to SAS-SV scale scoring criteria in individuals between 15-30 years of age when prescribed on the basis of totality of symptoms. This shows that overall response of Homoeopathic medicines for Smartphone addiction were encouraging with evidence of improvement in symptoms of Smartphone addiction, which varied from patient to patient.

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Totality of symptoms, Homoeopathic medicine, smartphone addiction, SAS - SV (Smartphone addiction scale - short version).

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"The seeds of colonisation have sprouted so deep in the bright soul, And the intensity of glow has blinded humanity as whole". The emergence of postcolonial literature has contributed a critical role in redesigning literary landscapes and outlooks. "Centering Margins: A Postcolonial Study" explores into the intricacies of this literary genre, targeting to shed light on the voices that have long been marginalized and overshadowed. The colonial period, spanning centuries, has left permanent imprints on customs, cultures, the social orders, and literatures across the world. The dominance of colonial powers give rise to the suppression and subjugation of colonized peoples, leading to cultural erasure and loss of identity. Postcolonial literature emerged as a response to dominant imperial experiences and its aftermaths, seeking to retrieve narratives and voices that have been overshadowed. This paper presents a critical examination of marginality and its centrality in the selected works of Amitav Ghosh's novels "Sea of Poppies," "River of Smoke," and "The Glass Palace." In these Novels Gosh has employed intricate narratives that weave together the personal and the historical experiences, often shedding light on the lives of those on the edges of the grand accounts of imperial powers. Through a comprehensive examination of these three novels, this research paper explores how Ghosh fetches marginalized perspectives to the forefront, challenging central historical discourses and offering substitute ideas. "Sea of Poppies," the first novel in the Ibis trilogy, is set against the milieu of the 19th-century opium trade between India and China. "River of Smoke," the second Novel, describes the aftermath of the opium suppression in Canton and the lives exaggerated by these events. "The Glass Palace" covers over a century and touches the colonial and post-colonial histories of Burma, India, and Malaysia through various characters who experience the shifting regimes of power, identity, and belonging. In these novels, Ghosh employs a varied cast of characters--sailors, slaves, traders, soldiers, and orphans--whose stories are often put aside in official historical descriptions. The paper highlights how Ghosh's narrative approaches, such as polyphony, multilingualism, and a focus on the socio-cultural aspects of marginalization, serve to center these marginal figures. The characters' voyages across seas and borders symbolize their search for individuality and place in a fast-shifting world. The paper contends that Ghosh's work is crucial in understanding the intricacies of diaspora, displacement, cross culture and intermixing. By centering the margins, Ghosh not only gives voice to the voiceless but also renovates an additional comprehensive and subtle historical account that admits the interrelation of human experiences across time and space. The study concludes that Ghosh's novels offer a noteworthy contribution to postcolonial literature by redefining the relationship between center and margin and by emphasizing the resilience and agency of those who inhabit the gaps of history and culture.

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Amitav Gosh, colonialism, postcolonial literature, "Sea of Poppies," "River of Smoke," "Flood of Fire,", "Glass Palace" Crises, Imperial, Subjugation, Dominant and Dominance, identity, Colonizer, Colonization, marginalized voices, indentured labour

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In recent years remarkable progress has been made towards the understanding of proposed hallmarks of cancer development and treatment however with its increasing incidence, the clinical management of cancer continues to be a challenge for the 21st century treatment modalities comprise of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and hormonal therapy. Radiation therapy (RT) is the chief non-surgical method to control malignant tumour. RT has advanced in both methodological and biological aspects over the past few decades. RT remains an important component of cancer treatment with approximate 50% of all cancer patients receiving radiation therapy during their course of illness. it contributes toward 40% of curative treatment for cancer. In radiation therapy uses high energy particles or waves such as X- rays, Gamma rays, cancer cell. Our cell normally grows and divide to form new cell but cancer cells grow and divide faster than most normal cells. Radiation work by making small breaks in the DNA inside cells. these breaks keep cancer cells from growing and dividing and cause them to die. Nearby normal cell can also be affected by radiation, but most recover and go back to working the way they should. Some of the latest advances in radiotherapy, including 3-D conformal radiotherapy, Intensity modulated radiotherapy and Image-guided radiotherapy help define the target area with high accuracy and effectively deliver precise doses of radiation causing only minimal damage to healthy cells, tissues and organ. This paper present the history and status of RT studies, and principal of radiotherapy. And also we represent the recent treatment strategies of radiation therapy.

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cancer, radiation therapy, types of mutations, and recent treatments Strategies

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"The aging population is a global phenomenon with profound implications for societies and families. This comprehensive study delves into the intricate dynamics surrounding the maintenance and welfare of parents in Kashmir Division, a region renowned for its cultural richness and social uniqueness. The research investigates the evolving demographic landscape, exploring cultural and legal influences on the care of aging parents. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study combines quantitative analysis of demographic shifts with qualitative insights drawn from interviews and case studies. The legal framework governing elderly care is scrutinized, and the effectiveness of existing support systems is evaluated. Findings reveal a complex interplay of tradition and modernity, highlighting challenges faced by aging parents and caregivers. The research concludes with targeted recommendations for legal reforms, community involvement, and healthcare improvements, aiming to enhance the well-being of elderly individuals in Kashmir Division. This study contributes valuable insights to the global discourse on elderly care, emphasizing the need for culturally sensitive and comprehensive approaches in diverse sociocultural contexts."

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Aging population, Maintenance and welfare of parents, Kashmir Division, Cultural richness, Social uniqueness, Demographic, landscape Legal influences, Mixed-methods approach, Quantitative analysis, Qualitative insights, Case studies, Legal framework, Support systems, Tradition and modernity Challenges, Caregivers Legal reforms Community involvement Healthcare improvements Sociocultural contexts

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Abstract: Education is a platform in which young generations are trained and make them future-ready. Education provides knowledge and skills which help the person to be employable. The Indian education system is very popular and diversified among other countries' education systems due to its change in the evolution from ancient to the modern education system. During the ancient and medieval periods of education, students were trained by teachers in such a manner that they can survive and live in that era. After independence, there is a tremendous growth in the Indian education system providing teaching and training in all aspects, but it does not satisfy the global demands of the market. The mentioned points are used to differentiate ancient, medieval, and modern education with advantages and disadvantages. In ancient India, both formal and informal ways of education system existed. Indigenous education was imparted at home, in temples, pathshalas, chatuspadis and gurukuls. Temples were also the centers of learning and took interest in the promotion of knowledge of our ancient system. Students went to viharas and universities for higher knowledge. Teaching was largely oral and students remembered and meditated upon what was taught in the class. Gurukuls, also known as ashrams, were the residential places of learning. Many of these were named after the sages. Situated in forests, in serene and peaceful surroundings, hundreds of students used to learn together in gurukuls. Women too had access to education during the early Vedic period. Among the prominent women Vedic scholars, we find references to Maitreyi, Viswambhara, Apala, Gargi and Lopamudra, to name a few. During that period, the gurus and their shishyas lived together helping each other in day-to-day life. The main objective was to have complete learning, leading a disciplined life and realizing one's inner potential. Students lived away from their homes for years together till they achieved their goals. The gurukul was also the place where the relationship of the guru and shishya strengthened with time. While pursuing their education in different disciplines like history, art of debate, law, medicine, etc., the emphasis was not only on the outer dimensions of the discipline but also on enriching inner dimensions of the personality.

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Education, learning, curriculum, ancient, medieval, modern etc.

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Asthma, a globally prevalent respiratory condition, involves chronic airway inflammation and variable expiratory airflow limitation. Among elite athletes, respiratory conditions are notably common, affecting 20% to 70% across specific sports. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a frequent issue, impacting performance. The prevalence varies based on sport, training, and genetics. Although exercise triggers asthma, paradoxically, it can also enhance pulmonary function. Athletes' asthma phenotypes differ, posing challenges in management. Unique aspects include heightened airway sensitivity, allergen exposure, pollutants, and temperature variations. This review delves into EIB in athletes, covering pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. EIB's pathogenesis involves complex interactions, including airway dehydration and cooling. Airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness are common. Elite athletes show distinct inflammatory responses influenced by sport, training, and environment. Certain sports, like swimming, pose higher EIB risks, with chlorine exposure in pools being a notable factor. Diagnosing EIB in athletes requires objective testing, as baseline lung function tests may yield normal results. Exercise and bronchoprovocation tests provide reliable diagnoses. Spirometry and bronchodilation tests are standard, but emphasis is shifting toward provocation tests. Despite challenges, optimal diagnosis is crucial for effective management, leading to improved performance and quality of life. Managing EIB aligns with general principles for symptom control, prevention, and reducing complications. Non-pharmacological approaches, trigger avoidance, and warming up are essential. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are key in asthma therapy for athletes, discouraging sole use of short-acting beta agonists. Mast cell stabilizing agents (MCSA) and leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) are likely options. Optimal management enhances athletes' quality of life and allows effective pursuit of competitive sports.

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asthma; exercise-induced bronchospasm; athletes

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-This innovative system represents a paradigm shift in Alzheimer's patient care by seamlessly integrating cutting-edge technologies. The GPS enabled tracker assists patients in locating their daily essentials efficiently. The Smart Medicine Dispenser leverages IoT- powered dispenser using Raspberry Pi to ensure the timely administration of medications. Automated alerts for missed doses not only promote medication adherence but also contribute to the effective management of chronic conditions, enhancing overall healthcare outcomes for Alzheimer's patients. The integration of AI based Virtual Assistants and Chatbots powered by artificial intelligence adds a layer of support by offering basic information and reminders. This not only aids in daily tasks but also serves as a communication bridge, potentially mitigating the impact of cognitive decline on patient engagement. By ensuring a constant awareness of the patient's location, this system contributes significantly to the overall well-being and security of individuals affected by Alzheimer's. In summary, this comprehensive system goes beyond traditional approaches, leveraging the synergy of IoT and AI to create a holistic solution for Alzheimer's patient care, addressing cognitive, medical, and safety aspects with a focus on improving both patient and caregiver experiences.

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Raspberry pi kit, GPS (Global Positioning system), AI voice assistant module

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Phosphorus plays a crucial role in various physiological functions, including skeletal development, mineral metabolism, cell membrane phospholipid function, mitochondrial metabolism, cell signalling, and platelet aggregation. The typical daily diet introduces about 1000-1400 mg of phosphorus. Two-thirds of this phosphorus is excreted in urine, while the remaining third is eliminated in stools. Kidney function significantly influences phosphorus excretion, making chronic renal failure the primary cause of hyperphosphatemia. Despite advancements, challenges persist in achieving and maintaining target phosphate levels, particularly in the context of modern diets rich in phosphate additives. A significant percentage of dialysis patients struggle to keep their phosphate levels within recommended ranges, emphasizing the need for ongoing innovations in phosphate management therapies.

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Phosphate binders, Hyperphosphatemia, Chronic Kidney Disease.

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