Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

This article investigates the prolonged territorial contention between Mizoram and Assam, with an emphasis on the northern frontier of Mizoram, where the delineation remains both undetermined and disputed. By tracing the historical trajectory of this contention, the manuscript identifies its origins in colonial boundary-delineation practices, notably the enforcement and subsequent alterations of the Inner Line as dictated by the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation of 1873, along with later notifications issued in 1904, 1912, 1930, and 1933. These colonial interventions, motivated by administrative expedience and resource extraction, disrupted ethnic homelands, restricted traditional land-utilization practices, and established the groundwork for post-colonial discord. Utilizing a diverse array of archival documents, official reports, minutes from inter-state meetings, media sources, and comprehensive fieldwork accounts, the article scrutinizes how clashing assertions rooted in the 1875 and 1933 Inner Line notifications persist in influencing state positions and invigorating annual cycles of claims and counterclaims, particularly during the periods of cultivation and harvest. This investigation underscores the socio-economic ramifications of the intractable dispute on borderland communities, encompassing land dispossession, livelihood instability, administrative overlaps, and the militarization of quotidian existence. It posits that the inability of successive negotiations and the lack of a neutral Boundary Commission have sustained an atmosphere of uncertainty and distrust. The article concludes by asserting that, in the absence of a historically informed, negotiated, and community-sensitive demarcation process facilitated by central authorities, the Assam-Mizoram border dispute will persist as a chronic source of discord and marginalization within the region.

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 Keywords

Assam-Mizoram border dispute, Inner Line Regulation, Colonial boundary-making, Land and resource conflict, Borderland communities, post-colonial state formation

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Shāh-i-Hamadan, also known as Mir Sayyid ?Al Hamadan’s (1314-1385), occupies a central place in the religious, intellectual, and cultural history of Kashmir. As a leading Sufi of the Kubrawiyyah order, a prolific scholar, and a social reformer, he played a decisive role in shaping the spiritual ethos and socio-moral foundations of Kashmiri Muslim society. The objective of this paper is to examine the core elements of Sh?h-i-Hamadan's Sufi thought, particularly his emphasis on Shar??ah-centered spirituality, ethical reform, socio-economic responsibility, and disciplined spiritual practice and to assess their relevance in addressing contemporary moral, social, and spiritual challenges. The study employs a qualitative methodology, including textual analysis of Sh?h-i-Hamadan's major works, historical chronicles, and secondary scholarly literature, to reconstruct his intellectual and spiritual contributions. The findings suggest that his Sufi vision offers a holistic framework for confronting issues such as moral decline, social injustice, religious extremism, and the crisis of spiritual meaning, demonstrating its enduring applicability in modern society.

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Shāh-i-Hamadan’s Sufi Thought: Ethical Foundations and Contemporary Relevance

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This study investigates the quantitative differences in physical fitness and psychological traits among male badminton players from varying socioeconomic statuses (SES). A sample of 90 players aged 18-25, stratified into high, middle, and low SES groups, was evaluated using standardized physical fitness tests (endurance, strength, agility, flexibility) and psychological scales (motivation, stress, self-esteem). The results indicated significant variations in both physical and psychological metrics across SES levels. Players from high SES backgrounds demonstrated superior agility, cardiovascular endurance, and psychological resilience, while those from lower SES showed higher stress levels and lower self-esteem. These findings suggest the need for inclusive training programs that address both physical and mental aspects for athletes from disadvantaged backgrounds

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Badminton, Physical Fitness, Psychological Traits, Socio economic status.

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Inflammation is a complex biological response mediated by key enzymes such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (LOX-5), which are responsible for the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes, respectively. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential and drug-likeness of the phytosterol ?-sitosterol using in silico approaches. Drug-likeness assessment was performed using the Molinspiration Cheminformatics tool based on Lipinski's Rule of Five, while molecular docking studies were conducted to analyze the binding affinity and interaction profile of ?-sitosterol with COX-2 and LOX-5. The drug-likeness analysis revealed that ?-sitosterol satisfies the majority of Lipinski's criteria, with a single violation related to high lipophilicity, suggesting acceptable oral bioavailability. Molecular docking results demonstrated stable and favorable binding of ?-sitosterol within the active sites of both COX-2 and LOX-5. The interactions were stabilized by hydrogen bonding and extensive hydrophobic contacts with key amino acid residues, indicating strong inhibitory potential against both enzymes. The dual targeting of COX-2 and LOX-5 suggests that ?-sitosterol may effectively modulate inflammatory pathways by simultaneously suppressing prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis. Overall, the findings of this in silico study highlight ?-sitosterol as a promising natural lead compound with dual anti-inflammatory activity. The results provide a molecular basis for its therapeutic potential and support further experimental validation through in vitro and in vivo studies.

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Inflammation, cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, computational study, phytosterol

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This research provides a comprehensive performance assessment of an integrated anaerobic-aerobic decentralized wastewater treatment facility situated in a rural Egyptian community. The system configuration comprises an Up-flow Septic Tank/Baffled Reactor (USBR) followed by an aeration unit to facilitate biological polishing. Throughout a rigorous six-month longitudinal monitoring phase, the facility exhibited high treatment stability, yielding mean removal efficiencies of 87% for COD, 86% for BOD, 91% for TSS, and 86% for Oil & Grease (O&G). Analytical data confirm that the final effluent parameters consistently align with the regulatory thresholds established by the Egyptian Code of Practice. Critical operational phenomena, such as surface scum formation within the anaerobic reactor and sludge bulking in the aerobic stage, were systematically managed through technical maintenance and community-based participatory interventions. The empirical findings underscore that the anaerobic stage serves as the primary mechanism for pollutant degradation, while the subsequent aerobic phase ensures effluent stabilization. The study validates the Upgraded USBR as a technically viable, energy-efficient, and economically sustainable paradigm for rural sanitation infrastructure.

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USBR, up-flow, wastewater treatment, decentralized, low cost

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This scholarly article investigates the enduring nature and evolution of transnational networks among the Zo (Chin-Mizo-Kuki) ethnic groups dispersed across India, Myanmar, and Bangladesh. By contextualizing contemporary mobilizations within an extensive historical framework, it posits that notwithstanding the stringent international borders established through colonial and post-colonial delineations, Zo ethnic cohesion has persisted through complex social, cultural, spiritual, and institutional networks. Utilizing a diverse array of archival documents, historical narratives, media resources, and field-based testimonies, the article elucidates how colonial strategies--from the Pemberton Line to the boundary settlements of the partition era--disrupted Zo ancestral lands and redefined a historically cohesive community into citizens of disparate nation-states. The investigation underscores two principal modalities through which transnational connections are maintained. Firstly, institutional networks--comprising churches, student organizations, civil society entities, and pan-ethnic platforms such as the Zo Reunification Organization (ZORO)--facilitate the mediation of collective memory, political imagination, and ethnic solidarity across national boundaries. Secondly, personal and cultural media, encompassing novellas, musical compositions, song lyrics, and oral histories, serve as emotive conduits that preserve shared narratives and a sense of belonging beyond the confines of state boundaries. By emphasizing these "non-state" forms of connectivity, the article interrogates state-centric perceptions of borders and illustrates how borderland communities actively reinterpret and negotiate the realities of division. It concludes that while transnational Zo networks continue to transform--occasionally engendering tensions and contradictions--they remain pivotal in upholding ethnic identity and social cohesion within a fragmented political context.

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Trans-border ethnic networks, Zo (Chin-Mizo-Kuki) identity, Colonial boundary-making, Borderland solidarity, Cultural and spiritual networks, Zo Reunification Organization (ZORO)

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This detailed research article explores how teacher education and AI work together to change the way education is implemented in India and to show how AI can be effectively implemented to address India's critical structural issues, particularly the growing crisis of teacher shortages [7][8] and the ambitious education reforms called for by the National Education Policy 2020. This research article compiles and summarizes recent empirical evidence from multiple sources, including national surveys and government studies, to chart the increasing but inconsistent rate of AI adoption in Indian Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and K-12 schools, where AI is rapidly being integrated into students' and teachers' daily lives [4]. In addition, results show that while more than 50 percent of Indian HEIs have adopted AI policies at the institutional level [8], the process of integrating AI has presented numerous difficulties, such as long-standing technology and infrastructure barriers [7], ethical considerations related to data use and algorithmic bias [9], and a significant lag in comprehensive teacher training and professional development [3][4]. Utilizing UTAUT, the paper states that the success of integrating AI into teacher training in India is contingent on implementing an integrated approach, rather than simply putting the technology into place. The integrated approach must provide student learning solutions that take into account the local context and vernacular language, employ ethical capabilities through technology literacy at all levels, and create an effective and comprehensive policy framework that supports India's social and economic realities as well as its vision to prepare a future workforce. The paper finishes with actions based on evidence and suggestions regarding the creation of a multi-participant approach to leveraging artificial intelligence for supporting and creating equal, resilient and prepared teacher populations in India.

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 Keywords

AI, teacher education, NEP 2020, India, teacher shortages, AI ethics, personalized learning, digital divide, UTAUT model.

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Caring has often been understood as a private, emotional, or even passive disposition--frequently associated with women and therefore historically undervalued in philosophical, political, and ethical discourse. Strength and power, by contrast, have been framed in terms of autonomy, rational control, domination, or independence. This dichotomy has led to a persistent undervaluation of caring as a moral and human capacity. This paper argues that caring, properly understood, is not a weakness but a profound form of strength and power. By investigating the real form of caring that we approve as strength in women--and in human beings more broadly--this paper seeks to re conceptualize power itself as relational, moral, and sustaining rather than merely coercive or self-assertive.

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Care, Strength, Power, Morality, Feminism, Autonomy, Reason, Ethical Agency

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The participation of women in paid employment has increased substantially in urban India; however, working mothers continue to experience significant challenges in balancing professional and family responsibilities. The present study examines the relationship between work-life balance and mental well-being among working mothers in urban India from a sociological perspective. A descriptive research design was adopted, and data were collected from 100 working mothers employed in government and private sectors using a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal that long working hours, domestic workload, limited workplace support, and persistent gender norms contribute to work-life imbalance and adversely affect mental well-being. The study highlights the need for supportive workplace policies, equitable distribution of household responsibilities, and social awareness to promote the mental well-being of working mothers.

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Keywords: Work-Life Balance, Mental Well-Being, Working Mothers, Gender Roles, Urban India

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition