Volume 12 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Distance education is quickly becoming a more popular option to traditional classroom settings, which will enhance access to higher education both domestically and globally. Using a multimedia approach to training, distance education sets itself apart from traditional teaching-learning methods. The goal of the current study is to investigate how distant learners feel about using multimedia to teach. The Indira Gandhi National Open University accepted participants into a variety of its programs. Out of the 1200 pupils that were given an attitude scale (Thurstone type), only 243 of them answered. A mean attitude score of 7.17 was found through data analysis, suggesting that respondents had a favorable propensity to learn using a multimedia approach. Additional investigation is necessary in this domain to examine the mindset of students in diverse remote learning environments. It would assist remote educators in motivating students, lowering attrition rates significantly, and extending the reach of education via distance learning.

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 Keywords

attitude of distance learner, attitude scale, multimodal approach to instruction

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Sanitation is a necessity for a healthy life (George: 2008). Access to basic amenities such as safe drinking water and sanitation is not only an important measure of socio-economic status of the household, but also a fundamental element to the health of the people. In India, access to improved sanitation remains far lower as compared to many other countries. In rural areas, the scale of the problem is particularly daunting as 74 percent of the rural population still defecates in the open. Individual health and hygiene is dependent largely on adequate availability of drinking water and proper sanitation. There is, therefore, a direct relationship between water, sanitation and health. In this light the aim of present study was to evaluate the Sanitation and Public Health services that provided to the people in rural Punjab. The main objective was to evaluate the views of villagers towards sanitation and health status conditions, programmes related to sanitation and health and scope of improvement in such programmes. The study was based on the survey of 120 respondents, selected through simple random sampling.

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 Keywords

Open Defecation Free Programme (ODF), Santitaion, Public Health and Hygiene

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India is poised to emerge as a significant player in the carbon market, particularly in the domain of carbon farming credits, owing to its extensive agricultural land and substantial potential for carbon removal and storage. Priced at approximately $10 per metric ton and with estimated emission reductions of 3 metric tons per hectare, the market's potential value in India surpasses $5 billion if extended nationwide. This paper explores India's promising position in the carbon market, examining factors such as policy changes, the prospect of a national carbon pricing regime, and strengthened international collaborations. The anticipated growth in awareness and capacity development activities is expected to foster a more inclusive and dynamic carbon market. By integrating cutting-edge technology and innovative solutions, India is poised to lead in climate innovation. The paper also emphasizes the holistic approach of India's carbon market, aligning with sustainable development goals, pursuing adaptation measures, and encouraging voluntary carbon reduction initiatives by businesses. The conclusion underscores the potential revolutionary impact of India's carbon market, contributing significantly to global climate objectives while promoting economic growth and social well-being, contingent on regulatory clarity, financial tools, and a commitment to inclusion.

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 Keywords

India, carbon market, carbon farming credits, emission reductions, sustainable development, climate resilience, policy environments, national carbon pricing, international partnerships, awareness, capacity development, technology integration, innovation, adaptation measures, voluntary carbon reduction, regulatory clarity, economic growth, social well-being.

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Fluoroscopy experts, constantly exposed to X-ray radiation, face an elevated risk of radiation-induced cancer. This study aimed to assess the safety measures employed by medical personnel, particularly those working in gastroenterology theaters, to mitigate the risks associated with prolonged radiation exposure. The survey encompassed patients and medical professionals involved in fluoroscopic procedures. Observations were made on individuals, including patients, radiation technologists, radiologists, surgeons, and students, all wearing radiation protection clothing. A total of 30 patients and 17 medical professionals were observed during the study. Fluoroscopy suites are equipped with various shields, such as table skirts, ceiling-suspended shielding, and mobile shields on wheels, designed to reduce scatter radiation from patients--a primary source of operator exposure. Essential radiation protection garments, such as leaded aprons and thyroid shields, are crucial for personnel in fluoroscopy settings, providing both comfort and adequate protection. Observations on patients revealed that 49.80% used thyroid shields, 42.7% used gonad shields, 97.6% employed collimators to reduce scatter radiation, and 100% utilized filters. Surprisingly, lead aprons were not used on patients, as they would obstruct the target area. Among medical professionals 63% of radiation technologists used lead gloves, all medical professionals wore lead aprons, 45% of surgeons used thyroid shielding, and none used lead goggles during the investigation. In conclusion, the study found that all observed medical professionals demonstrated good work practices and possessed sufficient knowledge about radiation protection and protective apparel. However, the need for scheduled training on radiation protection devices and the effects of radiation on patients and personnel, mandated by various regulatory bodies, was emphasized.

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Lead Apron, Thyroid Shield, Lead Gloves, Tube Curtain, Collimator, Filters

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In the present work, mucoadhesive nasal microspheres containing clozapine were formulated and evaluated for increasing its bioavailability in cerebrospinal fluid. Clozapine is an antipsychotic agent that is of BCS class II, hence needs to improve its bioavailability at the central nervous system CNS). To make the drug delivery system safer, natural ingredients were used. Various natural polymers and cross-linkers were screened. Starch is a natural polymer crosslinked with citric acid as natural crosslinker. Clozapine-loaded cross-linked starch microspheres (CSMs) were successfully developed for intranasal delivery for CNS targeting using single emulsion cross-linking method. Ex-vivo mucoadhesion study and In-vivo brain targeted study have been carried out using prepared CSMs. More than 90% mucoadhesive strength was achieved using starch as a natural polymer. Noncompartmental analysis was carried out to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters. Clozapine concentration was analyzed in both plasma and CSF using HPLC analysis. There was a 1.5-fold increase in the bioavailability of clozapine when administered intranasally. Drug targeting efficiency (DTE %) and Drug targeting potential (DTP %) were calculated. There was a 2.4-fold increase in % DTE and a 2.04-fold increase in % DTP for CSMs as compared to clozapine. In-vivo studies showed increased relative bioavailability with the nasal route as compared to the oral route. The intranasal route has helped to attain significant therapeutic levels of the antipsychotic drug in the Cerebrospinal fluid by surpassing the blood-brain barrier and hepatic first-pass effect.

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Clozapine, Mucoadhesion, Intranasal, Bioavailability.

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This research paper delves into the purchase behaviour of consumers in Pune District with a specific focus on Organic Food Products (OFPs). As the demand for organic and sustainable food options grows, understanding the factors influencing consumers' choices and preferences becomes imperative for stakeholders in the organic food industry. The study employs a comprehensive research design that combines quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to provide a nuanced understanding of the complex dynamics at play. A structured questionnaire is administered to a diverse sample of consumers, encompassing various demographics, socioeconomic backgrounds, and dietary habits. The survey investigates key aspects such as consumer awareness of OFPs, motivations for choosing organic products, perceived benefits and barriers, trust in organic labels, and overall satisfaction levels. Additionally, qualitative interviews with select participants aim to capture deeper insights into the subjective aspects of OFPs consumption, including lifestyle factors and personal beliefs influencing purchasing decisions. This research contributes valuable insights to the existing body of knowledge by shedding light on the evolving landscape of consumer behaviour towards OFPs in Pune District. The findings are anticipated to be beneficial for OFPs producers, marketers, and policymakers, offering strategic guidance for catering to the discerning needs of consumers in this region. As the global shift towards sustainable and health-conscious consumption accelerates, this study addresses a timely and critical aspect of consumer behaviour, providing a foundation for informed decision-making in the organic food industry.

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Purchasing Behaviour, Consumer, OFPs, Consumer Attitude, purchase intentions etc.

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The construction of sarais or rest houses was not a new creation of the kings of medieval period. It was an essential for the highly centralized governrnents to keep their control and communication with the remote areas of their vast empires. The administrations had to erect and maintain structures in the form of rest-houses or sarais in their own interest as well as the interest of their subject. The earliest references to the construction of sarais comes from the period of Chandragupta Maurya apart from the mentioned in the seventh pillar Edict of Ashoka." The sarais built by Sher-Shah and Akbar on the Imperial routes or roads at the interval of two and five kros respectively. The construction of sarais during the period of Sher Shah and Akbar were to a great extent similar nature construction. Thus the tradition survived from the earliest period down to the sixteenth century onwards.

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Sarias in Kashmir under the Mughals

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The paper delves into the portrayal of female lead characters in Bollywood movies, examining the shift from traditional gender norms to a more contemporary viewpoint. Traditionally, Hindi films have depicted the female lead as the epitome of an ideal woman who adheres to societal expectations, while modern women have often been portrayed as the antagonists. However, as attitudes change, the portrayal of female characters has also undergone a transformation. This research paper scrutinizes the evolution of female characters in Bollywood by comparing the positive and negative roles played by women in Hindi films. The objective is to emphasize how certain attributes once associated with negative female roles are now presented as part of the heroine's personality, without being viewed in a negative light.

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 Keywords

Bollywood, Heroine, Vamp, Traditional Gender Roles

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The five essential requirements for human existence are air, water, food, heat and light. Contamination of these elements may cause serious health hazards not only to man but also to animal and plant life. The use of water by man, plants and animals is universal. Without it, there can be no life. Every living thing requires water. The study was designed to understand the different sources of water to mysuru city, Present study focus on the different sources of water and its location, process of purification and supplying of water to consumption areas. The finding shows that the required water of the city is collected from surface water mainly the Cauvery river and Kabini river. The raw water is purified through well scientific methods and water is supplied to consumers through well planned distribution system.

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Contamination, Hazards, Raw water, Purification, Consumption

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract The apparent invisiblity of trans genders in mainstream employment leads to the hypothesis of exclusiveness of the third gender in the labour market.Identification and quantification is an important criteria for ensuring constitutional guarentees of gender equality and protection from violation of human rights. Binary outcomes has served as a stereotyped norm for gender classification and has led the perpetuation of inaccessibility of economic opportunities and social discrimination. Census of India 2011 ,attempted to bridge the data gap by estimating that nearly 4.8 million people of India are non binary. But there has not been a significant change in the pattern of official data collection ever since which limits policies of social and financial inclusion of trans genders.

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Keywords -Lesbian Bisexual Transgender ,Queer (LBTQ ), Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS)

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition