Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Indigenous systems of governance and justice continue to play a crucial role in regulating social life among tribal communities in Northeast India. Among the Mossang sub-tribe of the Tangsa community of Arunachal Pradesh, the traditional village council--known as Kha-pho-Rung--functions as the principal institution of governance, dispute resolution, and social regulation. Composed of the village headman (Gashung-liwang), elders, and individuals well-versed in customary law, the council derives legitimacy from long-standing customs rather than codified statutes. Despite its centrality in Mossang society, Kha-pho-Rung remains largely undocumented in academic literature. This paper examines the structure, authority, and functioning of the Mossang traditional village council, with particular emphasis on its mechanisms of dispute settlement and the nature of justice it delivers. It further analyses the continued relevance of Kha-pho-Rung in the context of state expansion, formal judicial institutions, and modern legal frameworks. Drawing primarily on oral narratives, field observations, and secondary literature, the study highlights the restorative and community-centric orientation of Mossang customary justice and underscores the need for greater scholarly engagement with indigenous legal institutions in Arunachal Pradesh.

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 Keywords

Traditional, Village council, Mossang, Kha-pho-Rung, Customary law, Dispute resolution.

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Groundwater forms an important freshwater commodity in the semi-arid and hard-rock provinces of India, with its distribution governed by complex relationships between geological, geomorphological, topographical and climatic factors. The present investigation outlines a comprehensive framework for spatially prognosticating groundwater potential zones (GWPZ) in a selected section of the Mahanadi River Basin, Sambalpur district, Odisha, using GIS-based thematic analysis in conjunction with comparative machine learning methodologies. Twelve conditioning variables relevant to groundwater availability, including geology, geomorphology, land use/land cover, soil characteristics, elevation, slope, curvature, topographic position index (TPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), lineament density, drainage density and precipitation, were processed and analysed as part of a GIS environment. The identification of groundwater potential was completed through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) using the combination of seven predictive modelling paradigms: Frequency Ratio (FR), Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and XGBoost. Model efficacy was evaluated based on receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve (ROC-AUC), ground truth validation accuracy and Cohen's Kappa statistics. Findings show that the Artificial Neural Network (ANN; Accuracy= 93.75% and Kappa= 0.90) and Random Forest (RF; Accuracy= 91.25% and Kappa= 0.86) models outperform the other approaches in groundwater potential forecast, whereas the Frequency Ratio (FR), although it shows a discernible trade-off of the AUC, has lost its spatial reliability. Good groundwater potential zones are mostly coincident with landscapes that have low slope, high lineament density, good geomorphologic characteristics, and moderate drainage density. These results demonstrate that the combination of GIS and machine learning models significantly enhances the accuracy and reliability of groundwater potential mapping and therefore provides an effective decision support tool for sustainable groundwater management and site selection for groundwater extraction systems in river basin areas.

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 Keywords

Groundwater potential, GIS, Machine learning, Random Forest, ANN, ROC-AUC, Mahanadi River Basin.

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Self-regulation skills are critical during college life, a transformative phase marked by exploration, peer influence, and substance experimentation risks among first-year students. This study assessed self-regulation levels for substance abstinence among college students in Kozhikode district. This descriptive survey examined self-regulation skills for abstinence among 100 first-year college students in Kozhikode district using a non-experimental approach and random sampling. Data from the Adolescent Self-Regulatory Inventory were analysed with descriptive statistics. Results showed 12.77% of students had low self-regulation skills and 87.33% moderate self-regulation skills, highlighting a need for targeted interventions to enhance abstinence capabilities.

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self-regulation skills, substance abstinence, college students, first-year students

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ABSTRACT The enactment of the Mediation Act, 2023 marks a significant transformation in India's dispute resolution framework by providing a comprehensive statutory foundation for mediation as an effective alternative to adversarial litigation. The Act seeks to institutionalize mediation, promote consensual dispute resolution, and reduce the burden on the already overburdened judicial system. This research paper critically examines the impact of mediation proceedings introduced under the Mediation Act, 2023, with particular emphasis on its legal, social, and institutional implications. The study adopts a doctrinal and analytical research methodology, relying on statutory provisions, judicial precedents, policy documents, and scholarly literature to evaluate the effectiveness of mediation under the new legal regime. The paper analyses key features such as mandatory pre-litigation mediation, time-bound procedures, confidentiality of proceedings, legal enforceability of mediated settlement agreements, and the establishment of the Mediation Council of India. These provisions collectively aim to enhance efficiency, accessibility, and public confidence in mediation mechanisms. The research highlights that mediation proceedings under the Act have the potential to significantly reduce judicial backlog, lower litigation costs, expedite dispute resolution, and preserve interpersonal and commercial relationships. Additionally, the recognition of online and community mediation expands access to justice, particularly for rural and marginalized populations. However, the paper also identifies critical challenges, including concerns regarding mandatory mediation, uneven quality of mediators, lack of public awareness, and possible enforcement complexities. The study concludes that while the Mediation Act, 2023 represents a progressive step toward collaborative justice, its long-term success depends on effective implementation, continuous training of mediators, institutional support, and judicial cooperation. The Act has the capacity to reshape India's dispute resolution culture, provided it balances efficiency with fairness and voluntary participation.

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 Keywords

Mediation Act, 2023; Mediation Proceedings; Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR); Pre-Litigation Mediation; Enforceability of Settlement Agreements; Access to Justice; Judicial Backlog; Confidentiality in Mediation; Mediation Council of India; Online and Community Mediation

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Abstract This paper studies how tribal people in West Bengal are developing. It uses simple language and clear facts. The study looks at their income, education, health, and how government schemes help them. Both numbers (data) and real stories from people are used. The aim is to see what is working, what is not, and what can be improved. All information and data are properly referenced from books, reports, and government websites. This paper is original and does not copy from anywhere else.

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Tribal, West Bengal, Development, Education, Health, Government schemes

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Environmental degradation, climate change, and ecological imbalance have emerged as defining challenges of the modern age, compelling scholars across disciplines to re-examine humanity's relationship with nature. In literary studies, eco-criticism has developed as a critical framework that interrogates how literature represents the natural world and critiques anthropocentric ideologies that justify environmental exploitation. Long before the formal emergence of eco-criticism in Western literary discourse during the late twentieth century, ecological consciousness had already been articulated in indigenous philosophies and spiritual traditions. One such remarkable yet underexplored figure is Guru Jambheshwar (1451-1536), the founder of the Bishnoi community in India, whose teachings present a deeply ethical, spiritual, and practical approach to environmental conservation. This comparative study seeks to examine Guru Jambheshwar's ecological teachings alongside the principles of modern eco-criticism in English literature, highlighting their convergences, divergences, and contemporary relevance. Guru Jambheshwar's teachings, encapsulated in his twenty-nine commandments, advocate for the protection of flora and fauna, sustainable use of natural resources, non-violence toward all living beings, and harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. These principles are not merely symbolic or metaphysical but are grounded in daily practices such as conservation of water, protection of trees, and compassion toward animals. His philosophy situates nature as sacred, intrinsically valuable, and morally significant, thereby challenging human-centered worldviews centuries before ecological ethics became a subject of academic inquiry. The Bishnoi tradition, inspired by Guru Jambheshwar, exemplifies an eco-centric worldview in which environmental stewardship is inseparable from spiritual and social responsibility. Modern eco-criticism in English literature, as developed by scholars such as Cheryll Glotfelty, Lawrence Buell, and Jonathan Bate, similarly critiques anthropocentrism and emphasizes the interconnectedness of human and non-human life. Eco-critical readings of literary texts explore how narratives reflect environmental exploitation, ecological loss, and the ethical implications of industrialization and colonial expansion. Works by Romantic poets like William Wordsworth and John Keats, as well as contemporary writers such as Margaret Atwood and Amitav Ghosh, reveal a growing literary awareness of ecological fragility and the consequences of human dominance over nature. Eco-criticism thus functions both as a mode of literary analysis and as a cultural intervention that seeks to reshape environmental consciousness.

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 Keywords

Guru Jambheshwar, Bishnoi philosophy, environmental ethics, eco-criticism, English literature, ecological consciousness, nature spirituality, sustainability, biodiversity conservation, non-violence, anthropocentrism, eco-centrism, indigenous wisdom, environmental humanities, green criticism, literary ecology, nature-culture relationship, sacred ecology, environmental justice, climate awareness, sustainable living, moral ecology

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This paper presents CodeSync, a real-time collaborative code editor designed to facilitate synchronous code editing and execution directly in the browser. The platform enables mul- tiple users to work on the same codebase simultaneously, with instant updates powered by WebSocket communication and Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs). Built using technologies such as Next.js, Node.js, and Docker, CodeSync offers a seamless and respon- sive development experience without requiring any software installation. Users can write and execute code in multiple programming languages within isolated Docker containers, ensuring both security and scalability. This project aims to address the growing demand for cloud-based, collaborative development environments--especially in contexts like remote education, technical interviews, and distributed software teams. CodeSync stands out for its lightweight architecture, interactive interface, and robust backend infrastructure that together make collaborative programming efficient, accessible, and user-friendly.

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 Keywords

Real-time collaboration, WebSocket, Collaborative code editor, Docker, Browser-based IDE, CodeSync, Monaco editor, Full stack development.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. called R.W. Emerson's 1837 "The American Scholar" as "our intellectual Declaration of Independence"(Holmes, 115) and since its first publication in 1884 on the biography of Emerson, it has become a sort of objective correlative for the oration itself, used by every critics, theorists, editors and historians, as a way, somehow, to suggest the connotation and implication of the oration. But it is exorbitant to say that the phrase "our intellectual Declaration of Independence" has achieved the rank of critical euphemism, a phrase that has been overused to the point of being futile, pointless and unimportant". The American scholar", much like the oration itself, has come to occupy a kind of acontextual limboland where meaning is compromised if not lost altogether" (ESQ 37). What Holmes said to equip his depiction was this, "Nothing like it had been heard in the halls of Harvard since Samuel Adams supported the affirmative of the question, 'Whether it be lawful to trust the chief magistrate, if the commonwealth cannot otherwise be preserved.'"(Beach 24)

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radical, declaration, oration, crisis, hopelessness

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This research paper is related to children, so that if a disease like COVID-19 andensure their well-being. Maintaining personal hygiene is crucial for overall health, and healthchildren are the building blocks of healthy society. This study aims to promote hygiene awareness and knowledge among children, empowering them to lead healthier lives. For the study a sample of children for this research was drown from five private and government schools in Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India. Using systematic random sampling, data was collected. The data for this study was collected in June 2025, the self-administered questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. The study reveals that while most children appreciate hygiene, those from low-Income families, face some challenges in maintaining hygiene. Concluding for the study, Hygiene is significantly associated with increased children's knowledge andawareness. These findings provide insights into the effectiveness of health education duringthe pandemic and offer guidance for future preparedness.

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 Keywords

Children, Knowledge, COVID-19, Hygiene, Awareness.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition