Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa L.) are small black seeds widely used in traditional medicine and culinary practices across the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa. They are rich in bioactive compounds, notably thymoquinone, along with alkaloids, flavonoids, fatty acids, and essential oils. Scientific studies have shown that black cumin seeds possess a broad range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, and hepatoprotective effects. These health benefits are largely attributed to their ability to reduce oxidative stress, regulate immune responses, and modulate key metabolic pathways. In addition to their medicinal value, black cumin seeds are used as a functional food ingredient due to their nutritional content, including proteins, minerals, and unsaturated fatty acids. Overall, Nigella sativa represents a promising natural resource for the development of nutraceuticals and complementary therapies, although further clinical studies are needed to confirm efficacy and safety in humans.

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Nigella sativa, Black cumin, Black seed, Thymoquinone, Medicinal plant, Seed oil, Health benefits, Antimicrobial.

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Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in both men and women in the United States, and is a major cause of death throughout the world. According to the Canters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 61 million people in the United States have heart disease, and according to the World Health Organization (WHO), 29 percent of all deaths worldwide are related to the condition.4 With over 3 million deaths owing to cardiovascular diseases every year, India is set to be the 'heart disease capital of the world' in few years, said doctors on the eve of World Heart Day. It is estimated that by 2020 cardiovascular disease will be the cause of over 40 per cent deaths in India as compared to 24 per cent in 1990. Globally, it causes 17.3 million deaths annually.5 The detection rate of cardiovascular diseases has also increased in the country with more diagnostic labs coming up in the rural areas. The prevalence of coronary artery disease in rural India is estimated to be up to 7 per cent as compared to the urban areas where the incidence is up to 12 per cent. The main reasons for this epidemic are lifestyle changes such as sedentary jobs, improvement in socioeconomic status leading to unhealthy diets rich in fats, high stress jobs and the addictions like smoking and tobacco chewing. Need of the study: In the Global Burden Disease Study, reported that a total of 9.4 million deaths in India in 1990, cardiovascular diseases caused 2.3 million deaths (25%), 1.2 million deaths were due to coronary heart disease and 0.5 million dues to stroke. Developing countries contributed 3.5 million of the 6.2 million global deaths from coronary heart disease in 1990. The projections estimate that these countries will account for 7.8 million of the 11.1 million deaths due to coronary heart disease by 2020. The aging population has raised concerns about the social and economic resources that may be necessary to manage the growing number of elderly persons with Cardio Vascular Disease. Coronary Artery Disease is the major cause of death both elderly men and women. 12 Poor diet and physical activity are the most common risk factors for heart disease. The role of diet and nutrition is influenced by a range of social, cultural, economic and physiological factors. Overweight and obesity are established risk factors for heart disease, 13 According to Bangalore statistics total of nearly 25.7% of coronary artery disease are identified in the year 2011. The factors they consider are due to rapid urbanization and south Indian diet, that is predominantly rice and carbohydrate increases the risk of cardiovascular problems. Men in 30 to 49 age group were highest at risk for heart diseases, while women between 50-59 years were at risk. In men, central obesity, lack of physical activity and change in dietary habits were the main reasons for dyslipidemia, while in women it was mainly hormonal changes brought on by menopause. A study was conducted to assess the prevalence and risk factors of coronary artery decease (CAD) in a native urban South Indian population. 1262 persons participated in the study. All the study respondents underwent a glucose tolerance test and were categorized as having normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance as diabetes. Coronary artery disease was diagnosed by medical history & ECG findings. The result showed that the overall prevalence sate of CAD is 11%. The prevalence of rate of CAD were 9.1% in normal glucose tolerance test and 14.9% in patient with impaired glucose tolerance test. In diabetic patient CAD prevalence were 21.4% study also points out that prevalence of CAD increased with an increase in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Above statistics lead to a conclusion that the prevalence of CAD is rising rapidly in urban India.17 Material and method: Pre-experimental one-group pre-test - post-test research design was used to conduct the study. Based on the investigator's familiarity with the setting and availability of the samples the present study was conducted in General hospital Yelahanka, Bangalore. The sample size of the present study consists of 60 patients admitted to the selected hospital with coronary artery disease. Result: pre-test majority of them 40(66.67%) had moderate knowledge, 2(3.33%) had adequate knowledge and 18(30) had inadequate knowledge. In the post-test 16(26.67%) had moderate knowledge, 2(3.33%) had inadequate knowledge and 42(70) had adequate knowledge. the range, mean, SD, enhancement and paired 't' test value of knowledge score on prevention of complications of coronary artery disease in the pre-test and post-test. The obtained post-test Mean value 29 was higher than the pre-test 18.17. The enhancement between pre-test and post-test was 3.89 and obtained paired 't' test value was 21.76, it was highly significant at 5% level. Hence it is inferred that there is significant increase in the knowledge level of the respondents on prevention of complications of coronary artery disease after the administering self-instructional module. Conclusion: Coronary artery disease is a growing epidemic. Predictions by many cardiologists suggest that India will be the heart attack capital by 2020. One of the main aims of the nursing research is to contribute knowledge to the body of nursing to expand and broaden the scope of nursing. This is possible only if nurses are taking initiative to conduct further research. There is great need of nursing research in the area of public education, particularly with more emphasis on CAD and its prevention, since it is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Health-related studies need to concentrate on behaviour modification of people by developing unique teaching materials. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the knowledge of people with sedentary lifestyle and job patterns. This in turn will help the nurses to provide apt and prompt information to the public in the prevention of non-communicable diseases like CAD.

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The effectiveness of self-instructional module on the knowledge on prevention of complications among patient with coronary artery disease at selected hospitals in Bangalore.

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This article examines the adversarial relationship between the fundamental right to freedom of the press and the state's authority to enact and enforce detention laws. It posits a legal dichotomy: a free press functions as a pillar of democracy and a watchdog against state overreach, while coercive detention laws--though intended to safeguard public order--can be weaponized as tools of censorship and intimidation. The analysis traverses the theoretical underpinnings of press freedom, drawing from democratic accountability and the marketplace of ideas. It scrutinizes how broadly framed detention statutes relating to national security, sedition, anti-terrorism, and public order are misapplied to arrest, detain, and harass journalists, creating a chilling effect that stifles investigative reporting. Through doctrinal analysis of international frameworks and comparative jurisprudence--particularly India--the article identifies legal mechanisms that enable such conflict. It argues for urgent reforms, including judicial oversight, public-interest defences, and legislative precision, to recalibrate the balance between state security and civil liberties.

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Press Freedom, Detention Laws, Chilling Effect, National Security, Democratic Accountability.

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The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) was established to protect farmers financially from agricultural losses brought on by diseases, pests, and natural disasters. This study uses secondary data from published sources and official papers to analyze PMFBY's efficacy and performance. The coverage, premium structure, and plan claim settlement are the main topics of the analysis. The results demonstrate that PMFBY has decreased farmers' financial risk and increased crop insurance coverage, particularly for small and marginal farmers. But problems like lack of awareness and claim settlement delays still exist. The study comes to the conclusion that PMFBY's overall efficacy can be increased by bolstering implementation and enhancing claim settlement procedures.

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Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), Crop Insurance, Agricultural Risk, Farmers' Income, Claim Settlement, Financial Inclusion

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Chitosan, a deacetylated chitin derivative, has attracted significant scientific and commercial interest since the late 1970s because of its unique macromolecular structure, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and other inherent functional properties. Despite the fact that chitin is naturally abundant and can be obtained in large quantities from a variety of sources, its uses are limited due to its solubility and poor biodegradability. Deacetylation into chitosan transforms chitin into a more friendly material, influencing the performance of chitosan in numerous applications. The use of natural polymers in various formulations is very appealing to consumers, highly marketable, and is appropriate for plethora of applications. With an update in the fields of drug delivery, biomedical engineering, energy harvesting, and as hemodialytic membrane, this review aims to give readers a narrative view of the state of the art of chitosan science. It covers various aspects such as methods of chitosan preparation from chitin, physio-chemical and biological properties, and its applications in medicine, food, agriculture, and cosmetics.

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Chitosan, Chitin, Drug delivery, Piezoelectric material, Hemodialytic membrane

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Children with Disabilities (CwDs) in India face profound challenges to survival and life expectancy not because of their medical conditions alone, but because of the social and structural barriers that surround them. Poverty, prejudice, inaccessible environments, and weak policy enforcement combine to create cycles of exclusion, leaving many children marginalized in schools, healthcare, and everyday social life. This study takes a systems approach to show how these forces interact, shaping survival not as an isolated medical issue but as part of a wider web of inequality. It highlights how stigma, economic hardship, and inadequate institutional support erode dignity and wellbeing over time. Within this framework, yoga is explored not only as a therapeutic practice but also as a philosophy that emphasizes resilience, embodiment, and interconnectedness. Yoga based inclusion is presented as a pathway to healing, capacity building, and the disruption of exclusionary norms. By embedding yogic principles into disability inclusive policies, survival can be reframed from a story of deficit to one of resilience and growth. Ultimately, this paper offers a conceptual foundation for reimagining inclusive futures in India--futures where structural reforms and culturally rooted practices come together to advance equity, dignity, and longer, more fulfilling lives for children with disabilities.

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Survival Inequities, Inclusive Growth, Yoga, Disabilities

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The freedom movement in India was marked by widespread participation across regions, and Bombay, Karnataka emerged as important centres of political awakening between 1919 and 1947. This paper explores the dynamics of mass mobilisation in this region, focusing on the interaction between Gandhian ideology, local leadership, and socio-political structures. The study analyses how the principles of non-violence, swadeshi, and self-reliance were adapted to local conditions, inspiring participation from diverse groups, including peasants, students, women, and workers. Through an examination of archival sources, regional newspapers, and oral narratives, the research traces the evolution of mass movements like the Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Quit India Movements in Bombay, Karnataka. Special attention is given to the role of constructive programmes--such as the promotion of khadi, rural sanitation, education, and social reform--as mechanisms of mobilisation and consciousness-building. The study also highlights how caste associations, reformist groups, and vernacular press acted as channels for political education and national integration. By situating local initiatives within the broader framework of India's national movement, the paper argues that Bombay, Karnataka's experience reflects a unique synthesis of grassroots activism and nationalist ideology. Ultimately, it concludes that the region's socio-political mobilisation not only contributed to the downfall of colonial rule but also laid a strong foundation for post-independence democratic and developmental values.

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Mobilisation, Freedom movement, Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, Quit India Movements

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With the emergence of new technologies every year, our perception of the world around us has changed. Digital technological interventions have transformed traditional face-to-face classroom teaching and learning ambience. The growth of ICT infrastructure, tools and devices like reliable internet connectivity, mobile phones, laptops have made possible online delivery of high-quality learning material anywhere, anytime, at any location, in any language. Online education offers the potential of unrestricted access to quality education. In the current circumstances, a combination of online and traditional learning may be assuming a place as the right learning model. The study concludes that blended learning has the potential to be adopted in education. The study also finds that students are ready for blended learning as the next normal learning process. A blended learning mode provides ultimate flexibility in many aspects. Can be applied to any program which holds on to the values of traditional learning and incorporates digital media with that. It is a lot more effective and likeable than anything that has been ever before. Needed freedom/flexibility. Only transition from classroom to computer or vice methods and techniques, available resources indicate that blended learning mode "best of all worlds"

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Online education, Traditional education, blended learning, ICT.

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Abstract Anton Chekhov's The Princess explores important existentialist ideas through the life of Princess Vera Gavrilovna. Even though she has wealth, beauty, and a high place in society, she still feels empty and lonely inside. The story shows how people struggle to find meaning in life when the world does not care about their wishes. It also shows the clash between what society wants and what a person truly feels. Chekhov's simple writing style, focus on everyday details, and meaningful conversations reveal the princess's struggles with freedom, responsibility, and death. The story also connects with the thoughts of philosophers like Sartre, Camus, Heidegger, and Nietzsche, showing the human search for self-knowledge, true living, and moral responsibility.

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Keywords: Anton Chekhov, The Princess, existentialism, meaning of life, freedom, responsibility, alienation, authenticity

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Patrick White's The Tree of Man (1955) examines the lives of ordinary individuals and the quiet, persistent cycles of life. Taking place in the Australian countryside, the narrative traces the experiences of Stanley and Amy Parker, a simple couple who establish a home bordering wilderness. Their homestead Patrick White's The Tree of Man (1955) examines the lives of ordinary individuals and the quiet, persistent cycles of life. Taking place in the Australian countryside, the narrative traces the experiences of Stanley and Amy Parker, a simple couple who establish a home bordering wilderness. Their homestead forms the focal point of a story spanning generations, illustrating how human life flourishes, declines, and regenerates in parallel with the surrounding natural environment. The focal point of a story spanning generations, illustrating how human life flourishes, declines, and regenerates in parallel with the surrounding natural environment. 1955 novel, The Tree of Man, examines the lives of common individuals and the quiet, persistent cycles of life. Set in rural Australia, the narrative traces the experiences of Stanley and Amy Parker, an unassuming couple who establish a homestead on the fringes of the wilderness. Their farm serves as the focal point of a story spanning generations, illustrating how human existence evolves, declines, and regenerates in parallel with the natural environment.

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Absurdity, Authenticity, Isolation, ,Transcendence ,Meaninglessness

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