Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Food fraud has become a global concern, impelled by innovation within the food industry and shifting buyer preferences. Milk adulteration is a widespread issue, with various substances being added to alter its composition. Common adulterants include unwanted water content, non native proteins, whey derived proteins, melamine, and urea compounds. Additionally, fats originating from both plant and animal source, along with other minor constituents of milk fat, have been intentionally added undermining the authenticity of milk and its processed to derivatives. These practices not only diminish the quality of dairy products but also pose potential health potential hazards to end users. As a result, the need for reliable authentication processes has grown, leading to the transition from protein-based techniques to more sensitive and reproducible genetic analysis techniques utilize to authenticate dairy items. Among the commonly employed molecular techniques are PCR, Quantitative real time PCR, Multiplex PCR, PCR - RFLP. Despite the availability of various molecular tools for identifying species and breeds in dairy products, there is still a necessity for improved and more reliable methodologies. This review examines both conventional and modern Genomic verification techniques applied to diary authentication. Additionally, it highlights the increasing significance of computational biology for managing extensive data collection and in the discovery of DNA markers that can improve authentication accuracy. One of the primary challenges in molecular-based authentication of dairy products is the quality of DNA, which can be affected by factors such as processing techniques, extraction methods, the chemical properties of the food matrix. PCR-based techniques remain the most widely utilized and successful in ensuring dairy product authenticity. The selection of DNA markers plays a critical role in the success of species and breed detection. While various molecular approaches exist for identifying adulterant species, there is a notable gap in methods for detecting adulterant species. Public databases and advancements in bioinformatics have revolutionized data examination and will be essential in developing effective DNA markers to improve dairy authentication processes

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Keywords: Milk adulteration, species differentiation, authentication methods, molecular techniques.

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The Garhwal Himalayas is a significant ecological and cultural region in Uttarakhand, India, that is confronted with the dualism of economic development, which is to be achieved, and the increasing climate susceptibility. Livelihood opportunity, environmental stress, and strategies of adaptation in the region are discussed in this essay. Based on the secondary data gathered using governmental reports, scholarly research, and institutional sources, the analysis is based on four areas, namely, economic activities, climate-related hazards, adaptation measures, and land use trends. Highlighting in frequency and percentage within these domains was done. The results show that the main economic activities include agriculture, tourism, and hydropower, which contribute to the increase of the ecological pressure in a vulnerable mountain environment. Floods, landslides, and glacial recession are among the climate risks facing the sustainability and community welfare, and therefore adaptive responses are necessary. Community based resource management, eco-tourism and sustainable agriculture are critical strategies, which are backed by policy and institutional frameworks. The paper finds that a moderate solution between development aspirations and climate resilience is visible to providing sustainable growth and inclusive growth in the Garhwal Himalayas.

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Garhwal Himalayas, economic development, climate change, adaptation strategies, sustainable livelihoods, mountain ecosystems, environmental vulnerability

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The multifaceted roles performed by women in a tribal society adds to the preservation of traditional culture and adds towards sustaining the community's collective memory. Women in a tribal culture represent the link between past and present. They do this by bringing tradition into every aspect of the community's daily life through their service and use of knowledge that has been passed down from their ancestors to create ongoing connections between people living today and those who lived hundreds or thousands of years ago. This study uses qualitative ethnographic approach to understand the role of women as preservers of tradition and custodians of culture. It provides a comprehensive examination of how women's influence permeates the various spheres of communal life, arguing that these sites of daily labour serve as the material foundation for cultural preservation. It presents the contributions of women within the Nocte society as working towards preservation of cultural integrity and thereby, creating a broader discourse on indigenous heritage and gendered agency in North-East India.

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Nocte Women, Moktowa Village, Cultural Custodians, Role of women

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This project of Indulgence of education loans in private sector banks introduces a new scheme which ease the loan repayment methods of all banks. The new scheme we introduce named LAVI (Loan Accounting and Valuation of Interest) enables the loan borrower to pay through UPI and a scanner which enables the borrower to track their payment, payment schedule, paid statements and the all the details necessary to track the loan. The LAVI (Loan Accounting and Valuation of Interest) project aims to develop an efficient and user-friendly system for managing and enable the repayment of education loans in affordable manner. The primary goal of this project is to make educational loans, interest rates, payment statement in an open window which makes borrowers ease to track the deviations of interest rates, ensuring compliance with the terms of the loan agreement. The LAVI scheme will facilitate loan account management, repayment schedules, payment reminders, and easy access to loan details for the borrower. Additionally, it will allow for the tracking of payments, balance amounts, and interest accrual, providing users with real-time information on their outstanding loan balance with just scanning the UPI scanner allotted to the particular loan borrower. Key features of the LAVI scheme include: 1. Loan Accounting Scanner: A personalized scanner that provides borrowers with a clear overview of their loan details, including principal balance, interest rate, repayment period, and the next due date and also the statement of amount paid. 2. Automated Payment Reminders: This scheme enables borrower receives notifications via email, SMS, or app alerts to remind borrowers of upcoming payments, overdue amounts, and payment deadlines, paid statements and required target amount to be paid monthly/yearly. 3. Repayment Schedule: This scheme enables a built-in tool that helps borrower to track the loans, repayment schedule in daily/monthly/yearly manner. 4. Ease Payment Options: This scheme allows borrowers to just use UPI id allotted for borrower to repayment or to just scan the scanner and to pay. 5. Transaction History: This scheme enables the borrower to track detailed payment history, showing past payments, remaining balance, and interest accrued over time. The LAVI scheme will enhance user experience, reduce default repayment system, and improve customer satisfaction by simplifying the complex loan repayment process. This system will be designed with robust security measures to protect sensitive borrower information and adhere to legal and regulatory guidelines for financial transactions which eases the repayment systems. It aims to provide borrowers with a seamless, transparent, and flexible loan repayment journey and reduces NPA of educational loans.

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LAVI (Loan Accounting and Valuation of Interest)

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Vikshit Bharat 2047 Me Highschool Ke Vidhyarthiyo Ke Vyaktitva Vikash Ka Yogdhan

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Vikshit Bharat 2047 Me Highschool Ke Vidhyarthiyo Ke Vyaktitva Vikash Ka Yogdhan

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Jiddu Krishnamurti, a preeminent 20th-century philosopher and spiritual teacher, presented a uniquely distinctive perspective on meditation that diverged fundamentally from traditional religious structures and systematic disciplines. His vision of meditation emphasizes a holistic approach to human existence, integrating physical, mental, and spiritual well-being into a singular movement of living. Rather than dealing in abstractions, he addressed the core issues that permeate our everyday lives: the complexities of modern society, the persistent psychological search for security, and the imperative for human beings to liberate themselves from the deep-seated inner burdens of violence, fear, and sorrow. Krishnamurti asserted that true meditation is neither a technique to be mastered nor a mechanical practice to be repeated; instead, it is the natural, unforced outcome of self-awareness and a profound inner silence. For him, meditation transcended mere physical postures or breathing exercises, representing instead a holistic way of being characterized by absolute clarity of perception and freedom from the limitations of psychological conditioning. This state demands a deep, direct insight into the very structure of thought, achieving what he described as freedom from the known. Consequently, this discussion explores Krishnamurti's radical definition of meditation, the nature of its practice without method, and its urgent relevance in navigating the crises of the present scenario.

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Meditation, Choiceless awareness, Self-Knowledge, Revolution, Transformation.

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The National Education Policy 2020 (NEP-2020) is a historic initiative toward qualitative improvement in the Indian education system. The primary objective of this policy is to take education beyond the limited domain of knowledge and connect it with skills, innovation, creativity, and practical applicability. In order to achieve this objective, the implementation of the semester examination system at the postgraduate level in higher education has been emphasized. The semester system is different from the traditional annual examination system, as student evaluation is conducted in shorter academic terms rather than over the entire academic year. The fundamental basis of the semester examination system is Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE). Under this system, students' knowledge, skills, attitudes, creativity, and problem-solving abilities are assessed on a regular basis. This system evaluates students' academic progress through internal assessment, assignments, project work, presentations, seminars, and written examinations. As a result, not only is examination-related stress reduced, but students also develop habits of regular study, self-discipline, and a sense of academic responsibility. However, along with its many positive aspects, the semester examination system also presents certain practical challenges. Shortage of teaching resources, lack of trained teachers, pressure of time schedules, fairness in evaluation, and limitations of institutional infrastructure act as obstacles to its effective implementation. These problems are particularly more pronounced in colleges located in rural and backward areas. The objective of the study is to clearly highlight the advantages, limitations, and possibilities of this system and to present a comprehensive evaluation of its usefulness in higher education. At the same time, this research paper offers valuable suggestions for policymakers, teachers, and academic administrators, which can help make the semester examination system more effective, inclusive, and quality-oriented.

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National Education Policy 2020, Semester System, Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation

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The rapid increase in electronic cigarette use has generated a new type of solid waste: discarded e-cigarette butts (E-CBs), which are predominantly plastic and contain toxic chemicals, posing significant environmental hazards. This study investigates an eco-friendly approach to recycling E-CBs in Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) pavements by converting their primary components, including cellulose fibres and polylactic acid (PLA), into engineered pelletized fibres (EPFs). The EPFs were incorporated into SMA mixtures, which were evaluated through key laboratory tests including Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), Stiffness Modulus, and Rutting Resistance. SMA containing E-CB fibre pellets exhibited improved mechanical performance, with ITS increasing by 12% to 1.67 MPa, stiffness modulus reaching 3.85 kPa, and rutting resistance improving by 15% to 2.30 kPa compared to conventional cellulose fibre- reinforced SMA. These findings demonstrate that properly engineered E-CB fibres can function as effective and sustainable stabilizing additives, offering dual benefits of mitigating e-waste and enhancing the durability of asphalt pavements.

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Recycling of Waste Electronic Cigarette Butts as Engineered Pelletized Fibres for Sustainable Stone Mastic Asphalt

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Finance is the lifeblood of all economic activity. The demand for microfinance addresses the financial needs of low-income households. Regarding financial inclusion, the Northeastern region has been neglected and remains underdeveloped. Therefore, microfinance can be seen as a crucial tactic for tackling challenges of rural development, employment generation, and poverty alleviation. Rural development is a vital aspect of a nation's socioeconomic progress. In this context, microfinance and Self-Help Groups (SHGs) play an essential role in sustainably enhancing rural residents' quality of life by enabling them to participate collectively in decision-making. Microfinance has encouraged many researchers worldwide to reassess financial inclusion for marginalized populations. In this study, an attempt is made to assess the role of microfinance in Assam's rural development and examine the Pre-SHG and Post-SHG circumstances of SHG members in the study area using both primary and secondary data. For primary data collection, households primarily involved in microfinance and SHG linkage activities for their livelihood have been selected and for obtaining final sample multi-stage mix sampling technique has been employed. Findings show that 87 per cent of respondents accessed credit facilities more readily after joining the SHG, compared to only 12.5 per cent before membership. Family dependence on moneylenders fell from 90 per cent to 30 per cent after joining SHGs. The results indicate that family indebtedness decreased from 70 per cent to 33 per cent. Additionally, 52 per cent of respondents were able to create assets through various microfinance schemes, compared to 14 per cent previously.

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Assam, Microfinance, Rural Economy, SHG, Sustainable Development

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