Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

The Unified Payments Interface (UPI), launched by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) in 2016, has revolutionized India's digital payment landscape and significantly contributed to financial inclusion. This comprehensive study examines UPI's growth trajectory, its impact on digital financial inclusion through detailed statistical analysis and data visualization. Using authentic data from NPCI, RBI, and other reliable sources, this paper provides an in-depth quantitative analysis of how UPI has transformed India's payment ecosystem. The study finds that UPI has grown from zero transactions in April 2016 to over 18.3 billion transactions worth INR24.77 trillion in March 2025, demonstrating a remarkable CAGR of 74.03% in transaction volume, making India a global leader in digital payments while simultaneously advancing financial inclusion objectives.

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 Keywords

Unified Payments Interface, Digital Payments, Digital Financial Inclusion, Digital Literacy

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Breast Cancer is the most common cancer in women, worldwide. Bangladesh has one of the highest incidences of breast cancer in Asia. The present study has conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices towards breast cancer early detection methods among female of reproductive ages in the urban and rural areas of 2 districts in Bangladesh. From the study area, Dhaka Medical College Hospital and Rajshahi Medical College Hospital. Two types of participants were selected, one types of participants were from urban areas and other types of participants were from rural areas. Total 357 women were selected from outpatient units of the selected hospitals. In this study participants were women with the inclusion criteria of 15-49 years age range. From the result it was found that both rural and urban women had poor knowledge of breast cancer though the majority of the participants have heard about breast cancer but very few percentages of urban and rural educated women of them have a thorough understanding of the disease. Knowledge of breast cancer risk factors is little bit satisfactory in case of urban women but inadequate among a large percentage of rural women. Breast cancer awareness programs on the symptoms, screening, and prevention should be initiated especially at the community level. Additionally, health education might play a significant role in promoting good practices among young women especially personal hygiene, self-examination of breasts, and other screening programs for ensuring early detection and starting of the treatment. The study revealed that the efforts should be made by Government and Non-Governmental agencies to improve breast cancer knowledge among the mass reproductive aged women in Bangladesh. Programmes to educate religious leaders and alternative medical practitioners about breast cancer should be encouraged. The advantage of early presentation and treatment of patients suffering from breast cancer should be emphasized during such interactions.

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Breast Cancer, Knowledge, Screening Tests, Sign and Symptoms

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Social media has emerged as a powerful medium influencing public awareness and participation in government initiatives. This study examines the impact of social media campaigns on public involvement in the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) in Tirupur City. Using a sample of 120 respondents, data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analysed using percentage analysis, Chi-square, and ANOVA. The findings indicate that social media significantly enhances awareness, motivates behavioural change, and increases participation in cleanliness activities. However, gaps remain in consistent engagement and practical implementation. The study provides suggestions to strengthen digital communication strategies for improved public participation.

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Social Media, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Public Participation, Digital Campaigns, Tirupur City

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Prior to the introduction of modern political institutions, Tagin society was governed by an indigenous customary system known as Doopam/Dungpam. Rooted in indigenous knowledge and unwritten customary law, Doopam/Dungpam functioned as a participatory and consensus based political institution that regulated social order and collective decision-making. Authority within this system resided in elders and ritual experts, whose legitimacy was derived from moral standing, customary knowledge, and community consent rather than coercive power. With the advent of modern governance, Doopam/Dungpam underwent adaptive transformation, incorporating selective modern elements while retaining its core philosophical foundations. This research adopts empirical, descriptive, and analytical methods, employing purposive sampling to present the discussion accurately. The paper analyses Doopam/Dungpam as an indigenous democratic institution and examines the persistence of its core values within evolving governance frameworks.

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Doopam/Dungpam, Tagin tribe, Customary law, Consensus-based decision making, Indigenous democracy, Traditional political institutions.

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Emotion regulation is a complex process by which individuals identify, monitor, evaluate, and modify their emotional experiences and expressions in the pursuit of personal goals and adaptation to different situational demands. However, most standardized measures of emotion regulation have been developed and validated primarily within Western, individualistic contexts. Because emotional suppression functions adaptively to maintain group harmony and relational stability within collectivistic cultures like that of India, the generalization of such measures might be limited. Therefore, the present study sought to develop and validate the Emotional Regulation Scale (ERS-14), a culturally contextualized instrument for early and young adults in India. A sample of 68 Indian participants (47 females, 21 males; age range 18-40 years, M = 22.57, SD = 5.89) completed an initial pool of 24 items representing three conceptual domains: Emotional Control and Regulation (ECR), Emotional Expression and Communication (EEC), and Emotional Awareness (EA). Exploratory Factor Analysis employing Principal Axis Factoring with Varimax rotation identified a three-factor structure accounting for 52.9% of total variance. The finalized 14-item ERS-14 revealed acceptable internal consistency coefficients (ECR: ? = .74; EEC: ? = .73; Overall: ? = .65; EA: ? = .56). Results indicate that the ERS-14 is a psychometrically sound and culturally relevant tool to assess emotion regulation among early and young Indian adults, thus serving as a starting point for further refinement and validation in larger, more heterogeneous populations.

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emotion regulation, scale development, cultural validation, ERS-14, emotional control, Indian young adults, psychometric assessment, factor analysis

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Abstract -- Many different fields, such as autonomous attendance devices based on face recognition, employee attendance records, safety, protection, and police applications like identifying thieves in photos that aid in their capture, can benefit from the gathering of images from cameras or closed-circuit television cameras and the application of recognition outcomes based on facial detection and recognition. With face detection and recognition technology, we can reduce human labour and improve security when it comes to recording student attendance for lectures, labs, or sections. This system allows the lecturer or faculty member to make options about who to record the attendance of each student. It saves a great deal of time and work, particularly in large class lectures. Exam-related concerns can be resolved with the use of this pupil's history, which is utilised in the monitoring system to demonstrate the application of facial detection tools. The suggested system uses the Haar cascade technique for facial feature identification and segmentation. It is a CNN-based facial identification method. Comparing the proposed method to state-of-the-art methods, it reached precision of 98%.

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Artificial intelligence, Face recognition, Deep learning, Face expressions, Internet of things.

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In 1930, Albert Einstein discussed the philosophical implications of his general theory of relativity for cosmology. In 1983, Stephen Hawking examined the philosophical implications of the cosmological constant and its role in cosmology. In 1986, Barrow and Tipler discussed the philosophical concept of the anthropic principle and its significance for understanding the universe. In 1997, Lee Smolin's book offers a philosophical exploration of cosmology, discussing the implications of the universe's evolution and the role of natural selection in cosmological theories. Many authors have discussed their philosophical and scientific approaches to cosmology. After examining their studies in the field of cosmology, one question arose in my mind: "Why are we curious about the Universe?" The answer to this question, which we obtained through a philosophical approach with some scientific evidence, is that we are a part of the Universe. We have correlated humans as part of the Earth through a comparative study of Prathvi Dhatu (Bones and muscles), Aap (liquid), Tej (heat), and Wayu (gases) in our body. Through these observations and evidences, we come to the conclusion that we are part of the Earth, and knowing that Earth is part of the Universe implies that we are part of the Universe. This article elaborates on how we are part of the universe.

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Cosmology, Philosophical implications, Universe, Comparative study.

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Giloy, or Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), is a well-known therapeutic plant in both contemporary pharmacological study and Ayurveda. Its many therapeutic qualities, including as immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities, have drawn a lot of attention as a promising bioactive agent. Alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, and polysaccharides are among the many phytoconstituents found in the plant that contribute to its complex pharmacological actions. Guduchi is an effective immunotherapeutic and adaptogenic drug since recent research has shown that it can regulate the immune response by increasing macrophage activity and cytokine production. Its ability to prevent oxidative stress-related illnesses is further supported by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.Tinospora cordifolia, which bridges the gap between traditional knowledge and modern pharmacological science, is therefore a useful source for new drug discovery and development in contemporary medicine.

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Guduchi, Tinospora cardiofolia, Immunomodulator.

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Background: In Ayurveda, Kleda represents the physiological moisture essential for tissue integrity, while its pathological state (Vikrita Kleda) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of several metabolic and systemic disorders. Prameha is classically described as a Kleda-pradhana Vyadhi, yet its etiopathological expression in relation to measurable laboratory parameters remains underexplored. Aim: To establish Pramehagata Vikrita Kleda as a distinct etiopathological entity and to evaluate its association with laboratory parameters in Prameha and related disorders. Methods: A clinical observational study was conducted on 100 subjects, comprising 20 patients each of Prameha, Sthoulya, Sotha, Kustha, and Vrana. Assessment of Vikrita Kleda was carried out using a specially designed proforma derived from classical Ayurvedic descriptions of Kapha vriddhi and Ama, supported by objective laboratory investigations including fasting and postprandial blood glucose, blood urea, serum creatinine, and urine examination. The presence of Vikrita Kleda was confirmed when four or more predefined clinical features were observed. Results: Prameha patients demonstrated the highest incidence of Vikrita Kleda features, particularly Avila Mutrata (100%), Mutramadhurya (75%), Pipasa Adhikya (80%), and Nidra Adhikya (80%). Laboratory findings revealed consistently elevated fasting (100%) and postprandial blood sugar levels (80%), along with a higher incidence of raised blood urea (65%) and serum creatinine (70%), suggesting systemic involvement of Kleda dushti. Urine analysis showed a predominance of cloudy and turbid urine in Prameha, whereas other disease groups largely exhibited normal urinary parameters. Conclusion: The study validates Pramehagata Vikrita Kleda as a key etiopathological factor in Prameha, with clear clinical and laboratory correlations. Biochemical parameters and urine characteristics may serve as objective indicators of Kleda dushti, supporting an integrative approach to understanding Prameha through both Ayurvedic principles and modern diagnostics.

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Ayurveda, Kleda, Prameha, FBS, PPBS, Creatinine, BUN, Urine Examination

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This article examines the political and cultural processes through which Maithili was negotiated as a distinct linguistic identity in twentieth-century Mithila. Drawing on periodicals, literary debates and public interventions produced within the emerging print culture, the paper analyses how language became a site of collective self-definition and political contestation. Three interrelated arenas are explored: debates over script and the symbolic revival of Mithilakshar, shifting negotiations between Maithili and Hindi within provincial and national imaginaries, and efforts to regulate linguistic respectability through discourses of purity, vulgarity and cultural refinement. The article argues that these debates were not merely technical questions of grammar or orthography but reflected deeper struggles over cultural authority, social hierarchy and regional belonging in a rapidly transforming colonial and postcolonial public sphere. While early twentieth-century actors often framed Maithili's claims defensively against the expanding dominance of Hindi, post-independence discussions reveal new strategies of inclusion, mobilization and cultural legitimation. By situating Maithili within broader processes of vernacular modernization and linguistic standardization in South Asia, the paper highlights how regional language movements simultaneously articulated aspirations for autonomy, respectability and participation in the national political order.

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Maithili; vernacular politics; script and print culture; Hindi; linguistic identity; Bihar

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