Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly altered contemporary methods of data collection and processing, making personal information a critical resource for technological advancement. While AI-driven systems offer significant benefits in areas such as governance, healthcare, finance, and criminal justice, their extensive dependence on personal and behavioural data presents serious challenges to data protection and privacy. Conventional legal frameworks were not designed to regulate autonomous and opaque algorithmic systems, resulting in regulatory gaps concerning consent, transparency, accountability, and surveillance. This paper critically examines the privacy risks associated with AI technologies and evaluates existing international and Indian legal responses, with particular emphasis on constitutional jurisprudence. The study further proposes legal and policy reforms aimed at strengthening privacy safeguards while ensuring that innovation in artificial intelligence remains responsible and rights-oriented.

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 Keywords

Artificial Intelligence, Data Protection, Privacy, Indian Constitutional Law, Digital Governance

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Value education plays a crucial role in shaping the moral, ethical, and social behavior of children. In primary schools, value education helps in developing character, discipline, empathy, and social responsibility. This paper examines the importance of value education in the moral development of primary learners. The meaning of Value Education is to teach universal values like moral values, patience, honesty, etc., to the students. The purpose of value education is the development of the personality of the student. The full development of children's personality in its physical, mental, emotional and spiritual aspects. The value education inculcates universal and ethical values such as compassion, courage, honesty, tolerance and truthfulness. This helps in nurturing balanced individuals thus creating a humane society.

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Value Education, Moral Development, Primary Education, Ethics, Character Building

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The 1990s represent a defining phase in the history of Indian film music, marked by emotional richness, cultural immersion, and commercial expansion in the pre-digital era. This study, titled "Soundtracks of a Generation: Indian Film Music Culture in the 90s -- From Cassette Culture to Fan Communities," examines the evolution of Indian Hindi film music between 1990 and 2000 and its influence on youth culture, social practices, audience engagement, and the film industry's economic dynamics. Drawing upon cultural analysis, historical documentation, and industry trends, the research explores how film music became deeply embedded in everyday life through audio cassettes, CDs, FM radio, television music channels, and public spaces. The study highlights the role of prominent composers, playback singers, and record labels in shaping musical styles that blended classical, folk, and Western influences, resulting in iconic soundtracks that defined collective memory. It further investigates the emergence of informal fan communities, Antakshari culture, and music-centered social interactions that fostered emotional bonding and identity formation among the youth. From a commercial perspective, the research evaluates the impact of soundtrack popularity on cassette and CD sales, film promotion, and box office performance, demonstrating how music functioned as both a cultural expression and a strategic marketing tool. By situating 1990s film music within its technological, social, and market context, the study provides valuable insights into the enduring legacy of this era and its relevance to contemporary nostalgia marketing, remix culture, and audience engagement strategies in Indian cinema.

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Indian Film Music, 1990s Cinema, Cassette Culture, Youth Culture, Fan Communities, Music and Society, Film Marketing, Box Office Performance, Pre-Digital Media, Cultural Memory

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Cotton has historically been one of India's most significant agricultural and industrial commodities, contributing substantially to foreign exchange earnings and employment generation. The country ranks among the leading producers and exporters of cotton and cotton-based products, with Tiruppur district in Tamil Nadu emerging as a global hub for knitwear and textile exports. This study examines the trends of cotton exports in India with a particular focus on Tiruppur, analyzing growth patterns, export destinations, and the challenges faced by the industry. The research highlights the role of Tiruppur's textile clusters in driving India's cotton export performance, sustainability.

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Trends, Cotton Exports, Sustainability, Performance

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Abstract Mathematics anxiety deserves attention as it is a common problem found in students at all levels of learning. The current study examines secondary school students' anxiety related to mathematics in district Ganderbal by taking into account of variables like school type, and student's gender. Random sampling technique employed to select 100 samples from the ten Schools of district Ganderbal. The sample of the students comprises 50 males and 50 females, accessing all the indicated demographic data. The information was gathered using a questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale that the researcher had created in accordance with the study's goals. Descriptive and comparative analyses were used to analyse the data. According to the study, students' anxiety levels in mathematics were moderate, with variables of gender, and type of school. The finding translates psychological insights into concrete classroom improvements, guiding teachers, curriculum designers, counsellors, and parents in creating an emotionally safe and academically productive environment for secondary-level students.

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Key Words: Mathematics Anxiety, Secondary Students

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Abstract The present study aims to examine the effect of socio-economic status and impulse control among adolescent students in terms of their levels of depression, namely at-risk, vulnerable, and non-depressed. Adolescence represents a critical developmental period with significantly heigher emotional and behavioral vulnerability, which in turn contribute for depression as an emerging significant mental health concern. Socio-economic status and impulse control are crucial psychosocial factors influencing adolescents' emotional regulation and psychological well-being. A sample of 150 adolescent students was selected using appropriate sampling techniques. Standardized instruments were administered to assess socio-economic status, impulse control, and levels of depression. Based on depression scores, participants were categorized into at-risk, vulnerable, and non-depressed groups. Statistical analyses were conducted to examine group differences. The findings are expected to indicate significant relation in socio-economic status and impulse control in terms of levels of depression, The study underscores the importance of socio-economic and self-regulatory factors in understanding adolescent depression and emphasizes the need for early identification and targeted school-based interventions to promote mental health and emotional resilience.

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socio-economic status, impulse control, depression, adolescents.

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Banka Jila Me Paryatan Vikash : Ek Bhogolik Adhayan

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Banka Jila Me Paryatan Vikash : Ek Bhogolik Adhayan

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Contemporary masonry design exhibits a fundamental methodological tension between continuum-based optimization techniques and the discrete, modular nature of brick construction. This paper presents a comprehensive theoretical framework that systematizes the integration of parametric geometry generation, structural performance evaluation, density-based topology optimization, and adaptive discretization within a unified conceptual pipeline. Rather than treating topology optimization as a post-hoc analytical tool, the framework positions it as an active design generator embedded within an iterative feedback cycle. The work examines the theoretical foundations of bridging the discrete-continuum gap through recursive parameter coupling, wherein discrete-modular constraints inform continuum optimization objectives, and conversely, topology-driven efficiency targets guide discrete reconfiguration logic. The methodology is organized across two conceptual phases: (1) Morphology Selection, addressing the parametric search for geometrically feasible and structurally competent designs, and (2) Boundary Optimization and Discretization, where continuum material distribution informs discrete assembly rules. This framework addresses a persistent gap in computational masonry literature: the lack of a systematic, generalizable approach to preserve structural performance during the conversion from continuous to discrete representations. The paper formalizes the theoretical logic underlying such integration, elaborates the algorithmic workflow, and discusses implications for future architectural optimization research.

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Optimization Framework, Topology Optimization, Parametric Masonry, Discrete-Continuum Integration.

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Background: Hairdressers are routinely required to maintain prolonged static positions, perform repetitive upper-extremity tasks, and sustain forward neck postures, which increases their risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders, particularly involving the levator scapulae muscle. Continuous mechanical stress on this muscle may result in pain, restricted neck movement, and functional impairment, collectively referred to as levator scapulae syndrome. Identifying muscle tightness and related disability at an early stage is important for preventing long-term complications and maintaining occupational performance. This study evaluates levator scapulae syndrome using the Levator Scapulae Muscle Length Test and examines associated functional disability through the Neck Disability Index (NDI) among hairdressers, with the aim of guiding ergonomic and physiotherapeutic interventions for this vulnerable occupational group. Objective: To evaluate levator scapulae muscle shortening using the levator scapulae muscle length test and to assess neck-related functional disability using the Neck Disability Index among hairdressers in pune. Method: An observational study was carried out on 126 hairdressers aged 24-35 years in Pune using a convenience sampling approach. Eligible participants underwent bilateral assessment of levator scapulae muscle length, and functional disability was measured using the Neck Disability Index. Collected data were analysed using Kinovea software. Result : Right-side levator scapulae muscle shortening was observed in 55.6% of participants; however, this finding was not statistically significant (p = 0.2123). On the left side, muscle shortening was present in 32% of participants and demonstrated a statistically significant association with occupational exposure (p = 0.00038). Bilateral muscle shortening was identified in 15.1% of cases, with no significant difference noted (p = 0.995). Analysis of NDI scores indicated a moderate level of neck disability, emphasizing the need for preventive and ergonomic interventions in this population. Conclusion :A substantial proportion of hairdressers exhibited levator scapulae muscle shortening, most likely related to repetitive work demands and prolonged postural loading. Although right-side predominance was not statistically significant, the findings underscore the importance of ergonomic awareness and early preventive measures to reduce musculoskeletal health risks among hairdressers.

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Musculoskeletal disorder, Hairdressers,, Postural stress, Repetitive Movements, Muscle Shortening, Occupational Health.

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This research explores the potential of gold (XAU) to serve as an early warning signal for extreme market events in the U.S. financial context, using Extreme Value Theory (EVT). Gold is widely recognized as a safe-haven asset, particularly during periods of heightened market volatility and systemic risk. This study employs monthly time series data on gold prices and the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX) spanning from 1997 onward to analyze the tail behavior of gold returns and their association with volatility shocks. Extreme Value Theory provides a statistical framework for assessing the probability and magnitude of unusually large or small outcomes (e.g., financial crashes, natural disasters, extreme rainfall). Unlike conventional statistical methods that model averages or typical behavior, EVT zooms in on outliers or tail events. Extreme Value Theory is applied using the Peak Over Threshold (POT) method to model both the upper and lower tails of gold returns. The upper tail, representing extreme positive returns, exhibits a bounded nature with a shape parameter (?) of -0.26, suggesting limited upside potential. Conversely, the lower tail displays a heavy-tailed distribution (? = 0.41), implying greater susceptibility to large losses. These findings are critical for understanding the asymmetric behavior of gold during market stress. Quantitative risk metrics derived from EVT--namely, Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES)--reveal that under a 1% tail probability, gold can experience gains of up to 11.9% or losses of up to 9%, with a conditional average loss (ES) of 3.3%. This demonstrates that while gold may provide a buffer in crisis periods, it is not immune to downside risk, particularly in high-volatility environments. The results underscore the importance of modeling tail risk in gold for investors, policymakers, and portfolio risk managers. The asymmetry in tail behavior further suggests that gold's role as a safe haven is nuanced and should be evaluated alongside market volatility indicators such as VIX. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on financial tail risk management and positions gold as a conditional signal rather than an absolute shield against market distress.

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Volatility, Systemic risk, Extreme value, Value at Risk, Peak over Threshold

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