Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Language shapes human identity and gives rise to literature, which acts as a bridge between cultures and generations. In Kokborok society, literary expression has largely evolved through oral traditions, with rhymes playing a significant role in cultural transmission. These rhymes, passed down across generations, reflect traditional lifestyles, rituals, and agrarian practices commonly referred to as the Hoda way of life. Although the exact origins of written Kokborok rhymes remain uncertain due to limited early documentation, existing collections offer valuable insight into the community's social and cultural framework. Beyond cultural preservation, Kokborok rhymes function as an engaging educational medium for children, promoting linguistic development and reinforcing cultural awareness.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Folk tradition, Culture, Oral literature, Lyrical expression, Sound, Identity

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Inclusive education is an educational approach that ensures equal learning opportunities for all children, regardless of their physical, intellectual, emotional, social, or linguistic differences. In primary education, inclusion plays a vital role in shaping positive attitudes toward diversity and equality from an early age. This paper examines the concept, importance, and implementation of inclusive education at the primary level. It analyzes the role of teachers, curriculum adaptation, classroom strategies, parental involvement, and institutional support in creating inclusive learning environments. The study highlights both challenges and solutions related to inclusive practices and concludes that inclusive education promotes academic achievement, social integration, and holistic development for all learners. Inclusive education is a new approach towards educating children with disabilities and learning difficulties with that of normal ones with same roof. It implies all learners with or without disabilities being able to learn together through access to common pre-school previous schools, community educational setting with an appropriate network of support services.

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 Keywords

Inclusive Education, Primary Education, Diversity, Equity, Special Needs, Holistic Development

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Environmental awareness has emerged as a critical component of primary education in response to growing ecological challenges such as climate change, pollution, deforestation, and resource depletion. This paper examines the importance of environmental education at the primary level in fostering sustainable attitudes and responsible behaviors among young learners. It explores how early exposure to environmental concepts enhances ecological sensitivity, conservation values, critical thinking, community responsibility, and lifelong sustainable practices. Key areas discussed include environmental literacy, conservation ethics, experiential learning, teacher-led sustainability initiatives, school-based eco-programs, parental involvement, curriculum integration, and institutional support. The study highlights that structured environmental education at the primary stage plays a vital role in shaping environmentally responsible citizens for a sustainable future.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Environmental Awareness, Primary Education, Sustainability, Environmental Literacy, Conservation, Eco-friendly Practices

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This study examines the influence of consumer trust in digital platforms on the online buying behaviour of Generation Z consumers. Using a descriptive research design, primary data were collected from 138 Gen Z respondents through a structured questionnaire. Statistical tools such as Spearman's correlation, regression analysis, ANOVA, and PROCESS Macro (mediation and moderation analysis) were employed using SPSS. The findings reveal that consumer trust has a significant positive impact on online buying intention and behaviour. Online buying intention partially mediates the relationship between trust and actual buying behaviour. The study highlights that dimensions of trust such as security and privacy, reliability and transparency, platform reputation, information quality, and peer influence are crucial determinants of online purchase decisions. The results provide valuable implications for e-commerce firms, digital marketers, and platform developers in designing trust-oriented strategies to enhance consumer engagement and loyalty.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Consumer Trust, Digital Platforms, Generation Z, Online Buying Behaviour, Purchase Intention, E-commerce

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Grammar is the root of a language. It is the root of any language in the world. Grammar arranges the words in a sentence in a proper way for speaking and writing in any language. Any complete sentences spoken are arranged with the use of grammar. Any written language in the world has rules to follow, and grammar plays a vital role in it.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Letter, vowel, consonant, sound, voice, case, gender

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Income and wealth inequality continue to pose deep-rooted structural challenges in India, carrying far-reaching consequences for economic stability, inclusive development, and effective policymaking. Consequently, accurate forecasting of inequality trends is crucial for evidence-based policy decisions. This study evaluates the suitability and comparative predictive performance of nonlinear machine learning and time-series techniques for forecasting income and wealth inequality in India. Departing from the constraints of traditional linear econometric models, the analysis employs Random Forest (RF), Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models to better capture the nonlinear relationships and temporal dynamics that characterize inequality processes. Drawing on historical inequality measures obtained from nationally representative secondary datasets, the forecasting models are developed and tested within a common analytical framework. Model performance is evaluated using Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). The empirical evidence demonstrates that machine learning-driven approaches most notably XGBoost and LSTM outperform conventional ARIMA and other benchmark models in predictive accuracy. This advantage stems from their enhanced capacity to capture nonlinear dynamics and long-range temporal dependencies. The results highlight the growing importance of advanced machine learning methods as reliable and complementary instruments for forecasting inequality in emerging economies. Overall, the study makes a methodological contribution to the inequality forecasting literature and provides actionable insights for policymakers aiming to adopt data-driven strategies to track and mitigate income and wealth inequality in India.

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 Keywords

Income Inequality; Wealth Inequality; India; Forecasting; Machine Learning; Time-Series Analysis; Random Forest; ARIMA; Support Vector Regression; XGBoost; LSTM

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Ayurveda-The science of life put forward the two methods for maintenance of health. They are - i) Swasthasya swasthya rakshanam i.e. maintaining health by adopting proper preventive measures and ii) Aturasya vikar prashamana i.e. curing diseases by giving suitable treatment for the ailment. In Ayurveda the term 'Agni' is considered as the power which converts the ingested food substances from one form to another. Agni converts food in the form of substances which are accepted by the body. Ayurveda considers 'Dehagni' as fundamental cause of life, complexion, strength, health, nourishment, lustre, oja, teja and prana. In Ayurveda, Agnimandya is said to be the root cause of most of the diseases like Atisar, Grahani, Arsha etc. So it is important to understand the Concept of Agnimandya thoroughly to avoid the occurrence and reoccurrence of various diseases. In the present era of 21 st century Arsha has become more common and distressing disease. Symptomatic Arsha affect at least 50% of population at some phase during their lives with around 5% of population suffering at any given time. So it is important to take care of Agni to avoid Agnimandya and occurrence of various diseases.

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Agni, Agnimandya, Arsha, jathragni, Ama.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract: A fish market is a location where commercially significant fish and fish products are sold. In the city of Bhandara, there exist two varieties of fish markets: a regular fish market and a weekly fish market. The regular fish market is situated in the Kardha area of Bhandara, while the weekly fish market is found in the main city. The variety of fish is analyzed through the presence of specific species in catches by fishermen and examinations of local fish markets. Collected fish were identified using standard literature, photographed, and preserved in glass jars containing a 10% formalin solution. Fish from the orders Cypriniformes, Perciformes, Ophiocephaliformes, Beloniformes, Clupeiformes, and Mastacembeliformes were documented in Bhandara fish market. A significant group of fish is classified under the order Cypriniformes. Fishes from the order Cypriniformes are commonly favored in aquaculture methods. These fish are raised to meet the needs of consumers. Consumers primarily favor these fish because they grow larger and are highly nutritious and tasty. In the current study, we have indicated the presence of various types of fish at the Bhandara fish market. These investigations will aid in examining the freshwater resources of Bhandara District and will also assist in conducting research on these lines.

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Bhandara, Fish market, Cypriniformes, Aquaculture.

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The present study investigated the ecological dynamics of trematode parasitism in freshwater fish Channa spp. From the river Rapti, Uttar Pradesh, India, during January-December 2025. Monthly and seasonal sampling was conducted to assess variations in infection parameters in relation to environmental and water quality factors. Fish hosts were analyzed for trematode parasites, and ecological indices for instance, prevalence, average intensity, relative density, abundance, dominant percentage, and infestation index calculation were performed. The results revealed pronounced monthly and seasonal reflection in trematode infection, with peak prevalence and parasite load recorded during late summer and early monsoon months, while the lowest values were noted during winter. Seasonal analysis indicated highest infection spring and summer, suggesting favorable environmental conditions for the transmission of parasites during warmer periods. Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of water showed noticeable variation across months, which appeared to influence parasite prevalence and host susceptibility. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated strongly significant positive correlation between the number of infected hosts and major infection indices. Overall, the findings highlighted the strong influence of seasonal and environmental factors on trematode parasitism in Channa spp., emphasizing the ecological sensitivity of host-parasite interactions in freshwater ecosystems.

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 Keywords

Trematode parasites, Channa spp., Prevalence, Seasonal variation, Ecological indices and River Rapti

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Arundhati Roy's memoir Mother Mary Comes to Me (2025) reimagines motherhood beyond traditional sentimental and cultural idealizations by presenting a maternal figure shaped by emotional conflict, social struggle, and political resistance. Instead of portraying motherhood as a purely nurturing and self-sacrificing role, Roy constructs maternal identity as complex, contradictory, and historically conditioned. This paper examines how Roy represents motherhood through emotional authority, educational vision, legal activism, and intergenerational transmission of resistance. By situating maternal experience within patriarchal and class-based structures, the memoir challenges essentialist notions of maternal instinct and highlights motherhood as both personal relationship and social practice. The study argues that Roy transforms motherhood into a political and ethical project that extends beyond domestic boundaries, thereby redefining maternal influence as a force of cultural and ideological continuity.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Motherhood, Memoir, Feminist Literature, Political Identity, Arundhati Roy, Maternal Authority

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition